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Vojvodina Kranjska

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Vojvodina Kranjska Herzogtum Krain (nemško) Ducatus Carnioliae (latinsko)
1364–1918
Zastava Grb
Himna: Ljudska himna
Kranjska znotraj Avstro-Ogrske
Glavno mesto	Ljubljana
Priznani regionalni jeziki	Nemščina
Skupni jeziki	Slovenščina
Etnične skupine	Slovenci Nemci
Demonim(i)	Kranjec, Kranjka
Vlada	Monarhija
Vojvoda
• 1364 - 1365	Rudolf IV. Habsburški (prvi)
• 1916 - 1918	Karel I. Habsburško-Lotarinški
Deželni glavar
• 1364 - 1365	Leopold iz Stadecka (prvi)
• 1912 - 1918	Ivan Šušteršič (zadnji)
Zakonodajalec	Kranjski deželni zbor
Zgodovinska doba	srednji vek, novi vek
• Habsburžani zavladajo v Kranjski krajini	1335
• Povzdig v vojvodino	1364
• Del Notranje Avstrije	1379
• Priključitev Avstrijskemu krogu	1512
• Priključena Ilirskim provincam	1809
• Vrnjena Avstriji	1815
• Del Države SHS	29 oktober 1918
Valuta	Florin
Predhodnice Naslednice Kranjska krajina Država Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov Kraljevina Italija
Danes del	Slovenija

Vojvodina Kranjska (nemško Herzogtum Krain, madžarsko Krajna) je bila cesarska posest Svetega rimskega cesarstva, ustanovljena pod Habsburžani leta 1364 na ozemlju predhodne vzhodnofrankovske Kranjske krajine. Kot dedna dežela Habsburške monarhije je leta 1804 postala dežela Avstrijskega cesarstva ter do leta 1849 Ilirskega kraljestva. Kot samostojna kronska dežela od leta 1849 dalje je leta 1867 postala del avstrijske polovice Avstro-Ogrske vse do propada države leta 1918. Glavno mesto Kranjske je bila Ljubljana.

Geografija

Meje zgodovinske pokrajine Kranjske so se skozi zgodovine spreminjale. V obdobju povzdiga v vojvodino se je južna meja nahajala v jugovzhodni periferiji Svetega rimskega cesarstva, kjer so Gorjanci z reko Kolpo tvorili mejo s Kraljevino Hrvaško.

Na severu je čez Predel ter Fužine ob glavnem delu Karavank do Jezerskega mejila na Vojvodino Koroško. Na severovzhodu in vzhodu je mejila na Vojvodino Štajersko, natančneje na ozemlje, ki je do leta 1456 pripadalo grofom Celjskim. Na zahodu so vrhovi Julijskih alp tvorili mejo z zgodovinsko Furlanijo, ki je do leta 1433 prešla pod oblast Beneško republiko. Ozemlje onkraj Dinarskega gorstva na jugozahodu je pripadalo grofom Goriškim, leta 1754 pa je postalo kronska dežela Goriška in Gradiška, del ozemlja katere se danes nahaja v Slovenskem primorju. Ostanek Mejne grofije Istre ter Brkini so bili prav tako pod upravo Kranjske.

V svojem poslednjem obsegu, ki je bil določen letan 1815, je vojvodina obsegala 9.904 km². Leta 1914 je pred začetkom prve svetovne vojne štela nekoliko manj kot 530,000 prebivalcev.

Zgodovinski zemljevid kranjske vojvodine: Gorenjska (rožnata), Dolenjska (zelena) ter Notranjska (rumena) z dodatkom Mejne grofije Istre (oranžna), Johann Homann, 1714

Upravna delitev

Po topografiji Slave Vojvodine Kranjske Janeza Vajkarda Valvazorja se je Kranjska tradicionalno navadno delila na tri enote:

• Gorenjsko, gorato regijo na severu,
• Dolenjsko, jugovzhodno regijo, ki je vključevala tudi Belo Krajino ter ozemlje nekdanje Slovenske marke, ter
• Notranjsko na jugozahodu.

Do leta 1860 je ozemlje treh regij sovpadalo z ozemljem Ljubljanske, Novomeške ter Postojnske kresije. Slednje so bile zatem razdeljene na manjše politično-upravne enote, t. i. okrajna glavarstva. Med leti 1861 in 1918 je bila Kranjska razdeljena na enajst okrajnih glavarstev, katera je tvorilo 359 občin. Sedež deželnega glavarja se je nahajal v glavnem mestu. Središča posameznih glavarstev so bila v Kamniku, Kranju, Radovljici, Ljubljani, Logatcu, Postojni, Litiji, Krškem, Novem mestu, Črnomlju ter Kočevju. Glavarstva so bila razdeljena na 31 sodnijskih okrajev.

Zgodovina in ureditev

Glej tudi: Kranjska

Leta 1040 je Henrik III. Nemški od Vojvodine Koroške odcepil Kranjsko krajino (ozemlje Gorenjske ter Slovenske marke). Kljub temu je bila Kranjska preko personalne unije še vedno pod oblastjo koroških vojvod. Po smrti koroškega vojvode Henrika Goriškega, ki je bil brez moških potomcev, je cesar Ludvik IV. iz rodbine Wittelsbach Koroško in Kranjsko dodelil Albertu II. Habsburškemu, čigar mati Elizabeta Koroška je bila sestra Henrika Goriškega.

Kranjska in Istra (rožnata) kot del Notranje Avstrije, 1379–1457 in 1564–1619

Albert's son Rudolf IV of Austria, "the Founder", in the course of his Privilegium Maius, awarded himself the title of a "Duke of Carniola" in 1364—though without consent by the Holy Roman Emperor. Rudolph also founded the town of Novo Mesto in Lower Carniola, then named Rudolphswerth. After his death, as a result of the quarrels between his younger brothers Albert III and Leopold, Carniola by the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg became part of Inner Austria ruled from Graz by Leopold, ancestor of the Habsburg Leopoldian line. In 1457, the Inner Austrian territories were re-united with the Archduchy of Austria under the rule of the Habsburg Emperor Frederick III. When Frederick's descendant, Emperor Ferdinand I, died in 1564, Carniola was separated again as part of Inner Austria under the rule of Ferdinand's son Archduke Charles II. Charles' son, Emperor Ferdinand II, inherited all the dynasty's lands in 1619 and the duchy formed a constituent part of the Habsburg monarchy ever since.

In the late 15th century, as part of the Habsburg westward expansion, the Duchy of Carniola acquired many new territories: Idrija (previously part of Friuli), Duino and the surrounding parts of the Karst Plateau, Kastav, Opatija, and the interior areas of Istria, centered around Pazin. It also had nominal control over the port of Rijeka, which however de facto remained an autonomous city; in 1717 it was officially placed under direct imperial rule and in 1776 it was transferred to Hungary. In the 19th century, these areas (with the exception of Idrija) were incorporated in the Austrian Littoral, and Carniola thus became a landlocked region once again.

S Schönbrunnsko pogodbo leta 1809 je Napoleon z združitvijo ozemelj Kranjske, Koroške, Hrvaške, Goriške in Gradiške ter Trsta ustanovil Ilirske province. Sklepna listina Dunajskega kongresa leta 1815 je ozemlje Ilirskih provinc vrnila Avstriji. Kranjska je tedaj predstavljala osrednji del novo ustanovljenega Ilirskega kraljestva, čigar glavno mesto je bila Ljubljana.

After the disestablishment of the Illyrian Kingdom in 1849, the Duchy of Carniola was constituted by rescript of 20 December 1860, and by imperial patent of 26 February 1861 (February Patent), modified by legislation of 21 December 1867, granting power to the Carniolan Landtag (or Carniolan Diet - estates' assembly) to enact all laws not reserved to the Imperial Council in Vienna, at which it was represented by eleven delegates, of whom two elected by the landowners, three by the cities, towns, commercial and industrial boards, five by the village communes, and one by a fifth curia by secret ballot, every duly registered male twenty-four years of age had the right to vote. The home legislature consisted of a single chamber of thirty-seven members, among whom the prince-bishop sat ex-officio. The emperor convened the legislature, and it was presided over by the k. k. Landeshauptmann (president of the Carniolan Diet – Landtag and its executive board – Landesausschuss). The landed interests elected ten members, the cities and towns eight, the commercial and industrial boards two, the village communes sixteen. The business of the chamber was restricted to legislating on agriculture, public and charitable institutions, administration of communes, church and school affairs, the transportation and housing of soldiers in war and during manoeuvres, and other local matters. The land budget of 1901 amounted to 3,573,280 crowns ($714,656).

Cesarsko-kraljevo vlado je zastopal deželni glavar, katerega je imenoval cesar, ter vlada v Ljubljani.

Leta 1918 je vojvodina propadla, njeno ozemlje pa je postalo del novo ustanovljene Države SHS ter kmalu zatem še Kraljevine SHS (od 1929 Jugoslavije). Zahodni del vojvodine je bil leta 1920 priključen Italiji. Leta 1945 je ponovno postal del Jugoslavije, vendar brez Bele Peči.

Prebivalstvo

Velika večina prebivalstva je bila slovensko govoreča. Nemško govorečo manjšino so predstavljali lokalni plemiči ter rokodelci, ki so se na območje naselili kot meščani večjih mest. Okoli gorenjskih vasi Zgornje Sorice (Oberzarz), Spodnje Sorice (Unterzarz), Nemškega Rovta (Deutschgereuth) ter Bohinja, predvsem pa v Kočevju na Dolenjskem se je nahajalo več nemških jezikovnih otokov, kjer je kmečko prebivalstvo govorilo v nemškem kočevskem narečju južnobavarske skupine.

Leta 1846 je prebivalstvo Kranjske sestavljalo:

• 428,000 Slovencev
• 38,000 Nemcev

Leta 1910 je prebivalstvo Kranjske sestavljalo:

• 520,000 Slovencev
• 28,000 Nemcev

Grb in zastava

Glavni članek: Grb Kranjske

Grb in zastava Kranjske na slovenski razglednici, natisnjeni okoli leta 1898

Razvoj grba Kranjske sega v 12. stoletje, ko naj bi se na pečatu mejnega grofa Bertolda IV. prvič pojavi orel v vlogi simbola Kranjske. V obdobju Mejne grofije Kranjske naj bi se kot grb uveljavil srebrn orel na modrem polju, nekje ob času povzdiga v vojvodino pa se pojavi moder orel na srebrnem polju. Leta 1463 je cesar Friderik III. kranjskemu orlu dodal cesarsko krono, polje je spremenil na zlato, prav tako pa je srebrno barvo v prsni preponi zamenjal z zlato. Leta 1836 je avstrijski cesar Ferdinand I. ponovno uveljavil srebrno polje ter potrdil belo, modro in rdečo kot deželne barve.

Leta 1848 je bila belo-modro-rdeča barvna kombinacija, vzeta iz grba (polje, orel ter prepona) uradno sprejeta kot deželna zastava, ki je postala tudi slovenska narodna zastava.

Uporaba grba je bila opuščena ob propadu vojvodine leta 1918. Zatem se je grb pojavil na osebnem grbu kralja SHS, ne pa tudi v državnem grbu, kjer so Slovence predstavljale zvezde Celjskih z ilirskim polmescem. Stilizirano podobo grba je med leti 1943 in 1945 uporabljalo Slovensko domobranstvo.

Simboli Vojvodine Kranjske so imeli na državne simbole Republike Slovenije pomemben vpliv, ki je razviden iz tega, da grb in zastava vsebujeta enake barve kot grb Kranjske.

Glej tudi

• Kranjska
• Seznam kranjskih vladarjev
• Slovenska narečja
• Zastava Slovenije
• Zgodovina Slovenije
• Kočevsko

Zunanje povezave

• Zemljevid Vojvodine Kranjske iz leta 1849
• Slovenske narodne insignije
• Simboli Republike Slovenije

Grb Francije

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Neuradni grb Francije
Različice
Celovit grb
Nosilec grba	Francoska republika
Sprejet	1905 (1905)
Deviza	LIBERTÉ, ÉGALITÉ, FRATERNITÉ (Svoboda, enakost, bratstvo)
Odličja	Zvezda in veliki ovratnik reda legije časti

Grb Francije je neuradni emblem Francoske republike. Prikazuje liktorski fasces ob lovorovih in hrastovih vejah, ki ga obvija zvitek z narodnim geslom Liberté, égalité, fraternité. Polni grb vsebuje zvezdo in ovratnik reda legije časti; emblemu ga je v času tretje republike leta 1905 dodal heraldični slikar-graver Maurice de Meyère. Tak grb uporablja ministrstvo za zunanje zadeve med državnimi obiski ter predsedniškimi otvoritvami.

Država je bila v zgodovini tradicionalno povezana s simbolom lilije, ki so ga vpeljali francoski kralji v visokem srednjem veku. Lilija še vedno predstavlja Francijo ter Burbone v obliki združevanja, ki je prisotno v grbih Španije, Québeca ter Kanade. Poleg tega je bila lilija tudi simbol Île-de-France, središča Francoskega kraljestva.

Edini državni simbol, ki je posebej določen v trenutni ustavi je zastava v 2. členu.

Sestava grba

Grbopis se glasi:

Na modrem polju zlat liktorjev snop po stebru ščita prekriva dve zlati veji hrasta in lovorja. Ščit prekriva zlat trak z z motom v črnih črkah: "LIBERTÉ, ÉGALITÉ, FRATERNITÉ". Ščit obdaja veliki ovratnik reda legije časti v naravni barvi, križ je spuščen na dno.

Elementi grba

Geslo

Več informacij: Liberté, égalité, fraternité

Liberté, égalité, fraternité (francoska izgovorjava: [libɛʁte eɡalite fʁatɛʁnite]; "svoboda, enakost, bratstvo", je državni slogan Francije ter primer tridelnega gesla. Izvira iz obdobja francoske revolucije, vendar je bilo vse do uradne uveljavitve v času tretje republike ob koncu 19. stoletja zgolj eno izmed mnogih gesel.

Fasces ali liktorski snop

Več informacij: Liktorski snop in Simboli francoske revolucije

Liktorski snop ali fasces sestavlja šop brezovih vej s požrtvovalno sekiro na sredini. V obdobju starega Rima je fasces simboliziral moč sodnikov v skladu in unijo z Rimsko republiko. Francoski arhitekti so rimski fasces (faisceaux romains) kot okrasni element pričeli uporabljati med vladavino Ludvika XIII., med francosko revolucijo pa so bili simboli povezani z Rimsko republiko še širše uporabljeni. V času prve republike je fasces, tokrat okrašen s frigijsko čepico, predstavljal poklon Rimski republiki ter načelo, da oblast pripada ljudstvu. Poleg tega predstavlja "unijo ter nedeljivost republike", kot pojasnjuje Francoska ustava.

Veji

Več informacij: Hrast in Lovorov venec

• Hrast je francosko narodno drevo ter simbol moči in vzdržljivosti.
• Lovor, prvotno vejica navadnega lovora, kasneje širokolistne lobodike ali lovorikovca, je simbol zmagoslavja, ki izvira iz grške mitologije. Z lovorovim vencem na glavi je navadno upodobljen grški bog Apolon, vence pa so tudi podelili zmagovalcem atletskih tekmovanj, med drugim tudi olimpijskih iger; v primeru slednjih so bili venci narejeni iz divje oljke. V Rimski državi je bil lovorov venec simbol vojaške zmage ter se je navadno nahajal na glavah uspešnih poveljnikov med sprevodom.

Odličje

• Zvezda ter veliki ovratnik reda legije časti, najvišjega francoskega reda za zasluge za vojaške ter civilne zasluge, ki ga je leta 1802 ustanovil Napoleon Bonaparte se je ohranil skozi vse kasnejše režime francoske države. Celoviti grb vsebuje veliki ovratnik reda, ki ga nosi zgolj predsednik kot veliki mojster reda.

Razvoj grba

Background

13th century – 1870: Arms of dominion / French Revolution

Več informacij: French heraldry, Fleur-de-lis#France, Flag of France#History, in Symbolism in the French Revolution

French kings and emperors had personal arms of dominion, which by extension also represented France. The fleur-de-lis was used by French kings since the Middle Ages, which were followed by the Napoleonic eagle designs after the French Revolution. The fleur-de-lis is still popular, and used by overseas people of French heritage, like the Acadians, Québécois or Cajuns. The Napoleonic eagle is also used by Swedish royal house.

Ureditev	Obdobje	Ščit	Celovit grb	Heraldični prapor	Opis in blazon
Kingdom	Before 1305				The arms of France Ancient: Azure semé-de-lis or The historical coat of arms of France were the golden fleurs-de-lys on a blue field, used continuously for nearly six centuries (1211–1792). Although according to legend they originated at the baptism of Clovis, who supposedly replaced the three toads that adorned his shield with three lilies given by an angel, they are first documented only from the early 13th century. They were first shown as semé, that is to say without any definite number and staggered (known as France ancient), but in 1376 they were reduced to three, (known as France modern). With this decision, King Charles V intended to place the kingdom under the double invocation of the Virgin (the lily is a symbol of Mary), and the Trinity, for the number. The traditional supporters of the French royal arms are two angels, sometimes wearing a heraldic dalmatic.
	1305–1328				Arms of France Ancient dimidiated with the arms of Navarre, after king Louis X inherited Navare from his mother Joan I of Navarre in 1305.
	1328–1376				The arms of France Ancient: Azure semé-de-lis or. After the death of the last direct Capetian in 1328, the kingdom of France passed to the house of Valois through the Salic law, and Navarre passed to the house of Evreux through female line.
	1376–1469				The arms of France Modern: Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or, a simplified version of France Ancient
	1469–1515				The arms of France Modern. After the creation of the Order of Saint Michael in 1469, its collar was added to the royal arms.
	1515–1578				The arms of France Modern. King Francis I changed the open crown traditionally used by his predecessors for a closed one.
	1578–1589				The arms of France Modern. After the creation of the Order of the Holy Spirit in 1578, its collar was added to the royal arms.
	1589–1792				The royal arms of the Kingdom of France after the conclusion of the French Wars of Religion. Again the arms of the Kingdom of Navarre impaled with France Moderne, indicating the personal union of the two realms as a result of Henry IV becoming king.
First Republic	1791–1804				Putative heraldic emblem of the First French Republic
First Empire	1804–1814/1815				The arms of the First French Empire of Napoleon I, featuring an eagle, the Crown of Napoleon and inset with "golden bees" as in the tomb of King Childeric I.
Kingdom (Bourbon Restoration)	1814/1815–1830				After the Bourbon Restoration, the royal House of Bourbon once more assumed the French crown.
Kingdom (July Monarchy)	1830–1831				During the July Monarchy, the arms of the House of Orléans were used.
	1831–1848				From 1831 onward, the arms of Louis-Philippe were used, depicting the Charter of 1830. (Stars were eventually added to the Mantling; along with addition of Supporters, a decrease of the flags to two, the addition of a helmet, the reversion to the Fleur-de-Lys Crown as one of the two Crowns, the flagpoles having spearheads and at the base were two cannons surmounted by floral branches.)
Second Empire	1852–1870				The arms of the Second French Empire of Napoleon III, again featuring an eagle, but now with the Crown of Napoleon III.

• Primeri upodobitev
• 
  Baldahini, praporji in ogrinjala (1223)
• 
  Doprsni kip Karla Velikega (1349)
• 
  Konjsko ogrinjalo in praporji (ok. 1455)
• 
  Šotor (15. stoletje)
• 
  Cushion, mantle, upholstery and Joyeuse's scabbard (1701)
• 
  Baldahin (2010)
• 
  Strop (2018)
• 
  Maršalova palica (kraljeva)
• 
  Maršalova palica (cesarska)
• 
  Grand Constable of France's scabbard

• Primeri združevanja
• 
  Grb Španije
• 
  Grb Kanade
• 
  Grb Québeca
• 
  Grb Švedske

1870–1905: Obdobje brez grba

In 1881 Foreign Minister de Freycinet proposed a coat of arms that was not successfully implemented

The state was left without a coat of arms after the proclamation of the Third Republic in 1870. Consequently, the façade and balconies of French embassies and consulates were sometimes decorated with quasi-heraldic emblems, such as a simple RF monogram or a lictor's fasces topped with a Phrygian cap. This was lamented by diplomats, as it neither reflected the country's rich heraldic tradition nor matched other European countries' emblems.

In 1881 Foreign Minister Charles de Freycinet sought to address this issue by proposing arms. This first attempt was not successful. Count Horace de Choiseul, undersecretary of state in this department, invited the sculptor Francia to submit a proposal to him, which this denier executed on the drawing of Émile Bin.

1905–danes: Uveljavitev in spremembe

King Alfonso XIII of Spain's official visit to France in 1905, as well as preceding visits from king Edward VII and Victor Emmanuel III of the United Kingdom and Italy, respectively, once again brought attention to the fact that France had no coat of arms. The Foreign Ministry responded by consulting the Grand Chancellery, which in turn asked the heraldists to propose national heraldic devices. Among about twenty proposals which were approved by the government, heraldic painter-engraver Maurice de Meyère's composition was formally adopted as the new coat of arms of France. This design was to be used by embassies and consulates abroad, instead of previous quasi-heraldic emblems.

• 
  de Meyère's 1905 design
• 
  The arms adorning the Foreign Ministry in 1905

In de Meyère's composition, the escutcheon was framed by an artistic console, whereas the Legion of Honour's star featured as the sole external heraldic device. The entire achievement was depicted upon an oval background with the words "French Republic" on the edge, a non-heraldic element. The console and oval background were mentioned as late as February 1914, but generally omitted after World War I, while the star of the Legion of Honour had been accompanied by the 1881 version of the grand collar.

In 1924/1925, a greater version of the arms was invented for a decorative tapestry commissioned by the city of Strasbourg to Gustave Louis Jaulmes. It was never formally adopted.

• Achievements including the 1881 version of the grand collar
• 
  Actually used version
• Greater version designed by Jaulmes but never adopted
  Greater version designed by Jaulmes but never adopted

In 1953, the collar was redesigned.

Uporaba

A list of notable depictions:

• 1905: A watercolour reproducing de Meyère's design was sent to each member of the government, and the arms adorned the two entrances of the French foreign ministry (37 Quai d'Orsay) at the occasion of king Alfonso's visit.
• 1922: The arms was emblazoned on the bronze Medal for Fidelity to France (francosko Médaille de la Fidélité Française), awarded to inhabitants of the two border regions of Alsace and Lorraine, who had been either imprisoned or exiled by the occupying Germans during World War I because of their loyalty to France.
• 1924/1925: A greater version of the arms was depicted on a painted tapestry by Gustave Louis Jaulmes, titled "Les armes de France". Commissioned by the city of Strasbourg, this piece was to be installed at the Commissariat General of the Republic in the city.
• 1928: German encyclopedias gave a color reproduction of Jaulmes' greater arms.
• 1929: On 10 May the German embassy in France inquired what was the official coat of arms of France was. The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs replied that "there is no, in principle, official coat of arms or emblem," but that such a composition was used for the French embassies and consulates.
• 1933–1942: The arms were depicted on prefects' uniforms.
• 1935: The annual edition of Le Petit Larousse reproduced a monochrome reproduction of the arms as a symbol of the French Republic.
• 1953: The United Nations Secretariat requested that France submit a national coat of arms that were to adorn the wall behind the podium in the General Assembly hall in New York, alongside the other member states' arms. On 3 June, an interministerial commission met at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to select this emblem. It requested Robert Louis (1902–1965), heraldic artist, to produce a version of the Jules-Clément Chaplain design. In the end, Louis chose Maurice de Meyère's 1905 design instead, and this was adopted and submitted to the UN.
• 1975: President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing adopted the charge of the arms in his presidential standard.
• 6 June 1980: President d'Estaing assumed on him being admitted to the Order of the Seraphim: Azure a Fasces Or bindings Argent between two Laurel sprigs disposed orleways of the second and bound together in base by a ribbon of the third., based on the republican arms.
• 1982/1988: The arms were depicted on French space suits during the Franco-Soviet space missions of 1982 and 1988.
• 2009: Used to represent France in the Hanseatic Fountain in Veliky Novgorod, Russia.

The coat of arms is still used, e.g. in relation to presidential inaugurations, including that of François Mitterrand, Jacques Chirac and Emmanuel Macron in 1981, 1995 and 2017, respectively.

• 
  The arms emblazoned onto the reverse side of the Medal for Fidelity to France, instituted in 1922
• 
  Escutcheons in the UNGA hall intended to be emblazoned with national arms, including France's, but removed in 1956
• 
  The arms depicted on presidential inaugural documents.
• 
  The arms depicted on Jean-Loup Chrétien's suit at the 1988 Aragatz mission to the Mir space station
• 
  The arms (l.) adorning Rome's Church of Saint Nicholas of the Lorrainers, dedicated to France

Glej tudi

• Armorial of France
• Armorial of the Capetian dynasty
• National symbols of France
• Symbolism in the French Revolution

Zunanje povezave

• Symbols of France na Flags of the World (FOTW)
• France at Heraldry of the World
• Heraldry of France — Hubert de Vries website
• Les Armes de Strasbourg — Collection du Mobilier national (francosko)
• http://www.languedoc-france.info/06141203_motto.htm
• http://musee.sceaualsacien.pagesperso-orange.fr/heraldique.html
• http://svowebmaster.free.fr/blason_france.html
• Example
• Example
• Example 1955
• Le Monde Illustre
• L'Humanité
• La Liberté
• Bulletin / Société historique du Calaisis
• Journal des débats politiques et littéraires
• L'Intransigeant
• La Petite Presse
• Le Collectionneur de Timbres-Poste Journal
• Gil Blas / dir. A. Dumont
• La Croix, 7 June 1905
• Le Grand écho du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais, 21 April 1905
• Le Populaire de Paris, 26 June 1938
• La Revue Diplomatique, 7 May 1905
• Le Petit Oranais, 21 April 1905
• Le Pays : journal des volontés de la France, 11 June 1905
• Le Pays : journal des volontés de la France, 22 October 1919