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Metformin: Razlika med redakcijama

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Redakcija: 15:39, 31. marec 2020

Metformin, marketed under the trade name Glucophage among others, is the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes,[8][9] particularly in people who are overweight.[10] It is also used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome.[8] It is not associated with weight gain.[11] It is taken by mouth.[8]

Metformin
Klinični podatki
Izgovarjavametformín[4]
Blagovne znamkeGlucophage in druge[2]
SinonimiN,N-dimetilbigvanid[3]
AHFS/Drugs.commonograph
MedlinePlusa696005
Licenčni podatki
Nosečnostna
kategorija
Način uporabez zaužitjem
Oznaka ATC
Pravni status
Pravni status
Farmakokinetični podatki
Biološka razpoložljivost50–60 %[5][6]
Vezava na beljakovineMinimal[5]
PresnovaNot by liver[5]
Razpolovni čas4–8,7 h[5]
Izločanjes sečem (90 %)[5]
Identifikatorji
  • N,N-dimetetilimidodikarbonimidinski synodiamid
Številka CAS
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.010.472 Uredite to na Wikipodatkih
Kemični in fizikalni podatki
FormulaC4H11N5
Mol. masa129.164
3D model (JSmol)
Gostota1.3±0.1[7] g/cm3
  • CN(C)C(=N)N=C(N)N
  • InChI=1S/C4H11N5/c1-9(2)4(7)8-3(5)6/h1-2H3,(H5,5,6,7,8)
  • Key:XZWYZXLIPXDOLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Metformin is generally well tolerated.[12] Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain.[8] It has a low risk of causing low blood sugar.[8] High blood lactic acid level is a concern if the medication is prescribed inappropriately or in overly large doses.[13] It should not be used in those with significant liver disease or kidney problems.[8] While no clear harm comes from use during pregnancy, insulin is generally preferred for gestational diabetes.[8][14] Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent.[8] It works by decreasing glucose production by the liver and increasing the insulin sensitivity of body tissues.[8]

Metformin was discovered in 1922.[15] French physician Jean Sterne began study in humans in the 1950s.[15] It was introduced as a medication in France in 1957 and the United States in 1995.[8][16] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[17] Metformin is the most widely used medication for diabetes taken by mouth.[15] It is available as a generic medication.[8] The wholesale price in the developed world was between US$0.21 and $5.55 per month od 2014.[18] In the United States, it costs US$5 to US$25 per month.[8] In 2016, it was the fourth-most prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 81 million prescriptions.[19]

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 »Metformin Use During Pregnancy«. Drugs.com. 10. september 2019. Pridobljeno 4. februarja 2020.
  2. ↑ http://www.cbz.si/cbz/bazazdr2.nsf/Search?SearchView&Query=(%5BSEZNAMUCINKNAZIV%5D=_metformin*)&SearchOrder=4&SearchMax=301 Centralna baza zdravil, vpogled: 31. 3. 2020.
  3. ↑ Sirtori CR, Franceschini G, Galli-Kienle M, Cighetti G, Galli G, Bondioli A, Conti F (december 1978). »Disposition of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide) in man«. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 24 (6): 683–693. doi:10.1002/cpt1978246683. PMID 710026.{{navedi časopis}}: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (povezava)
  4. ↑ https://www.termania.net/slovarji/slovenski-medicinski-slovar/5526683/metformin?query=metformin&SearchIn=All, Slovenski medicinski e-slovar, vpogled: 31. 3. 2020.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 Dunn CJ, Peters DH (Maj 1995). »Metformin. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus«. Drugs. 49 (5): 721–49. doi:10.2165/00003495-199549050-00007. PMID 7601013.
  6. ↑ Hundal RS, Inzucchi SE (2003). »Metformin: new understandings, new uses«. Drugs. 63 (18): 1879–1894. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363180-00001. PMID 12930161.
  7. ↑ »metformin_msds«.
  8. ↑ 8,00 8,01 8,02 8,03 8,04 8,05 8,06 8,07 8,08 8,09 8,10 8,11 »Metformin Hydrochloride«. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Arhivirano iz spletišča dne 24. decembra 2016. Pridobljeno 2. januarja 2017.
  9. ↑ Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S (Junij 2016). »Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis«. Annals of Internal Medicine. 164 (11): 740–51. doi:10.7326/M15-2650. PMID 27088241.
  10. ↑ Clinical Obesity (2nd izd.). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. 2008. str. 262. ISBN 978-0-470-98708-7. Arhivirano iz spletišča dne 8. septembra 2017.
  11. ↑ »Type 2 diabetes and metformin. First choice for monotherapy: weak evidence of efficacy but well-known and acceptable adverse effects«. Prescrire International. 23 (154): 269–72. november 2014. PMID 25954799.{{navedi časopis}}: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (povezava)
  12. ↑ Triggle CR, Ding H (Januar 2017). »Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium«. Acta Physiologica. 219 (1): 138–151. doi:10.1111/apha.12644. PMID 26680745.
  13. ↑ Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE (Junij 2011). »Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency«. Diabetes Care. 34 (6): 1431–7. doi:10.2337/dc10-2361. PMC 3114336. PMID 21617112.
  14. ↑ Lautatzis ME, Goulis DG, Vrontakis M (november 2013). »Efficacy and safety of metformin during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus or polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review«. Metabolism. 62 (11): 1522–34. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.06.006. PMID 23886298.{{navedi časopis}}: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (povezava)
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Fischer, Janos (2010). Analogue-based Drug Discovery II. John Wiley & Sons. str. 49. ISBN 978-3-527-63212-1. Arhivirano iz spletišča dne 8. septembra 2017.
  16. ↑ McKee, Mitchell Bebel Stargrove, Jonathan Treasure, Dwight L. (2008). Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions : clinical implications and therapeutic strategies. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. str. 217. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3. Arhivirano iz spletišča dne 8. septembra 2017.
  17. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  18. ↑ »Metformin«. Arhivirano iz spletišča dne 3. avgusta 2017. Pridobljeno 11. januarja 2016.
  19. ↑ »The Top 300 of 2019«. clincalc.com. Pridobljeno 22. decembra 2018.
Pridobljeno iz »https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metformin&oldid=5300551«