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Nediskriminatorni napad

V mednarodnem humanitarnem pravu in mednarodnem kazenskem pravu je nediskriminatorni napad (tudi neselektivni napad, napad brez izbire cilja) vojaški napad, ki ne razlikuje med vojaškimi cilji in zaščitenimi (civilnimi) objekti. Neselektivni napadi enako prizadenejo vojaške in zaščitene objekte, s čimer je kršeno načelo razlikovanja med borci in civilisti.[1][op 1] Razlikujejo se od neposrednih (ali namernih) napadov na civiliste. Nediskriminatorni napadi zajemajo primere, v katerih so storilci brezbrižni do narave tarče,[2] uporabo taktike ali orožje, ki je samo po sebi nediskriminatorno (npr. kasetno strelivo, protipehotno mine, jedrsko orožje)[3] in primere, ko je napad nesorazmeren zaradi verjetnosti povzročitve prevelike škode na zaščitenih objektih.

Neselektivne napade prepovedujeta Dodatni protokol I. Ženevske konvencije (1977)[op 2] in običajno mednarodno pravo.[4][5] Tovrstni napadi so vojni zločin po Rimskem statutu Mednarodnega kazenskega sodišča,[op 3] storilce pa je mogoče preganjati in jim soditi na mednarodnih in domačih sodiščih.

Opombe uredi

  1. ↑ Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. Article 48. Basic rule In order to ensure respect for and protection of the civilian population and civilian objects, the Parties to the conflict shall at all times distinguish between the civilian population and combatants and between civilian objects and military objectives and accordingly shall direct their operations only against military objectives.
  2. ↑ Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. Article 51. Protection of the civilian population (...) 4. Indiscriminate attacks are prohibited. Indiscriminate attacks are: (a) those which are not directed at a specific military objective; (b) those which employ a method or means of combat which cannot be directed at a specific military objective; or (c) those which employ a method or means of combat the effects of which cannot be limited as required by this Protocol; and consequently, in each such case, are of a nature to strike military objectives and civilians or civilian objects without distinction. 5. Among others, the following types of attacks are to be considered as indiscriminate: (a) an attack by bombardment by any methods or means which treats as a single military objective a number of clearly separated and distinct military objectives located in a city, town, village or other area containing a similar concentration of civilians or civilian objects; and (b) an attack which may be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.
  3. ↑ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, adopted 17 July 1998, entered in to force 1 July 2002. Article 8. War crimes (...) 2. For the purpose of this Statute, "war crimes" means:(...) (b) (...) (iv) Intentionally launching an attack in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of life or injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects or widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment which would be clearly excessive in relation to the concrete and direct overall military advantage anticipated; (...) (xx) Employing weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare which are of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering or which are inherently indiscriminate in violation of the international law of armed conflict, provided that such weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare are the subject of a comprehensive prohibition and are included in an annex to this Statute, by an amendment in accordance with the relevant provisions set forth in articles 121 and 123; (...)

Sklici uredi

  1. ↑ Schmitt 2020, str. 152.
  2. ↑ Bell & Pfeiffer 2011.
  3. ↑ Sassòli 2019, §§8.391-8.397.
  4. ↑ »Customary IHL - Rule 11. Indiscriminate Attacks«. ICRC, Customary IHL Database. Pridobljeno 19. junija 2022.
  5. ↑ »Customary IHL - Rule 12. Definition of Indiscriminate Attacks«. ICRC, Customary IHL Database. Pridobljeno 1. avgusta 2022.

Viri uredi

  • Schmitt, Michael N. (2020). »International Humanitarian Law and the Conduct of Hostilities«. V Saul, Ben; Akande, Dapo (ur.). The Oxford guide to international humanitarian law. Oxford, United Kingdom. str. 147–174. ISBN 978-0-19-259748-9. OCLC 1153294179.
  • Bell, Christine; Pfeiffer, Julia (Marec 2011). »Indiscriminate Attack«. Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Public Law.
  • Sassòli, Marco (2019). International humanitarian law : rules, controversies, and solutions to problems arising in warfare. Cheltenham, UK. ISBN 978-1-78643-854-6. OCLC 1076500614.
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