Nacionalna medalja znanosti
Nacionalna medalja znanosti (angleško National Medal of Science) je ameriško priznanje, ki ga podeljuje predsednik Združenih držav Amerike posameznikom, ki so bistveno prispevali k fiziki, biologiji, matematiki, inženirstvu, družboslovju ali vedenjskim znanostim. Nagrajence izbira dvanajstčlanski odbor Nacionalne znanstvene fundacije (NSF).
| Nacionalna medalja znanosti National Medal of Science | |
 | |
| Podeljeno za | izjemen prispevek k fizikalnim, biološkim, matematičnim, inženirskim, družboslovnim ali vedenjskim znanostim |
| Podeljuje | predsednik Združenih držav Amerike |
| Država |  ZDA
|
| Mesto | Washington, D.C. |
| Prvič | 1963 |
| Uradna spletna stran | |
|---|---|
Prvo nacionalno medaljo znanosti je leta 1963 podelil John F. Kennedy, prejel jo je Theodore von Kármán za svoje delo v aeronavtiki. Do leta 2009 je nagrado prejelo 458 znanstvenikov in inženirjev, med njimi 88 prejemnikov Nobelove nagrade.[1]
Seznam prejemnikovUredi
BiologijaUredi
- 1963 Cornelius Van Niel
- 1964 Marshall W. Nirenberg
- 1965 Francis P. Rous, George G. Simpson, Donald D. Van Slyke
- 1966 Edward F. Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, William C. Rose, Sewall Wright
- 1967 Kenneth S. Cole, Harry F. Harlow, Michael Heidelberger, Alfred H. Sturtevant
- 1968 H. A. Barker, Bernard B. Brodie, Detlev W. Bronk, Jay Lush, Burrhus Frederic Skinner
- 1969 Robert J. Huebner, Ernst Mayr
- 1970 Barbara McClintock, Albert B. Sabin
- 1973 Daniel I. Arnon, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
- 1974 Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James Van Gundia Neel, James Augustine Shannon
- 1975 Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Brown Hendricks, Orville Alvin Vogel
- 1976 Roger Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker, Edward O. Wilson
- 1979 Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins, Paul A. Weiss
- 1981 Philip Handler
- 1982 Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton, Mildred Cohn
- 1983 Howard L. Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell L. Roelofs, Berta Scharrer
- 1986 Stanley Cohen, Donald A. Henderson, Vernon B. Mountcastle, George Emil Palade, Joan A. Steitz
- 1987 Michael E. Debakey, Theodor O. Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Gobind Khorana, Rita Levi-Montalcini
- 1988 Michael S. Brown, Stanley N. Cohen, Joseph L. Goldstein, Maurice R. Hilleman, Eric R. Kandel, Rosalyn S. Yalow
- 1989 Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Roger W. Sperry, Harland G. Wood
- 1990 Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert W. Boyer, Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., Edward B. Lewis, David G. Nathan, E. Donnall Thomas
- 1991 Mary Ellen Avery, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Salvador E. Luria, Paul A. Marks, Folke K Skoog, Paul C. Zamecnik
- 1992 Maxine Singer, Howard M. Temin
- 1993 Daniel Nathans, Salome G. Waelsch
- 1994 Thomas Eisner, Elizabeth F. Neufeld
- 1995 Alexander Rich
- 1996 Ruth Patrick
- 1997 James D. Watson, Robert A. Weinberg
- 1998 Bruce Ames, Janet Rowley
- 1999 David Baltimore, Jared Diamond, Lynn Margulis
- 2000 Nancy C. Andreasen, Peter H. Raven, Carl Woese
- 2001 Francisco J. Ayala, Mario R. Capecchi, Ann M. Graybiel, Gene E. Likens, Victor A. McKusick, Harold Varmus
- 2002 James E. Darnell, Evelyn M. Witkin
- 2003 J. Michael Bishop, Solomon H. Snyder, Charles Yanofsky
- 2004 Norman E. Borlaug, Phillip A. Sharp, Thomas E. Starzl
- 2005 Anthony Fauci, Torsten N. Wiesel
- 2006 Rita R. Colwell, Nina Fedoroff, Lubert Stryer
- 2007 Robert J. Lefkowitz, Bert W. O'Malley
- 2008 Francis S. Collins, Elaine Fuchs, J. Craig Venter
- 2009 Susan L. Lindquist, Stanley B. Prusiner
- 2010 Ralph L. Brinster, Rudolf Jaenisch
- 2011 Lucy Shapiro, Leroy Hood, Sallie Chisholm
- 2012 May Berenbaum, Bruce Alberts
- 2013 Rakesh K. Jain
- 2014 Stanley Falkow, Mary-Claire King, Simon Levin
Fizikalne znanostiUredi
- 1963 Luis Walter Alvarez
- 1964 Julian Seymour Schwinger
- 1965 John Bardeen, Leon Max Lederman, William Rubey
- 1966 Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
- 1967 Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit, Louis Hammett
- 1968 Herbert Friedman, Eugene Paul Wigner
- 1969 Herbert C. Brown, Wolfgang Panofsky
- 1970 Robert Henry Dicke, Allan Rex Sandage, John Clarke Slater, John Archibald Wheeler
- 1973 Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Frederick Seitz, Robert Rathbun Wilson
- 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen, William Alfred Fowler
- 1975 Hans A. Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Sarett, E. Bright Wilson, Chien-Shiung Wu
- 1976 Samuel Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube, George Eugene Uhlenbeck
- 1979 Richard Phillips Feynman, Herman Mark, Edward Mills Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer, Victor F. Weisskopf
- 1982 Philip Warren Anderson, Joičiro Nambu, Edward Teller, Charles Hard Townes
- 1983 E. Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, Bruno B. Rossi, J. Robert Schrieffer
- 1986 Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter, Chen Ning Franklin Yang
- 1987 Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul Christian Lauterbur, George Pake, James Alfred Van Allen
- 1988 D. Allan Bromley, Paul (Ching-Wu) Chu, Walter Kohn, Norman Foster Ramsey, Jack Steinberger
- 1989 Arnold O. Beckman, Eugene Newman Parker, Robert Sharp, Henry Stommel
- 1990 Allan M. Cormack, Edwin M. McMillan, Robert Pound, Roger Revelle
- 1991 Arthur L. Schawlow, Ed Stone, Steven Weinberg
- 1992 Eugene M. Shoemaker
- 1993 Val Fitch, Vera Cooper Rubin
- 1994 Albert Overhauser, Frank Press
- 1995 Hans Dehmelt, Peter Goldreich
- 1996 Wallace S. Broecker
- 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild, George Wetherill
- 1998 Don L. Anderson, John Norris Bahcall
- 1999 James Cronin, Leo Kadanoff
- 2000 Willis E. Lamb, Jeremiah Paul Ostriker, Gilbert F. White
- 2001 Marvin L. Cohen, Raymond Davis Jr., Charles Keeling
- 2002 Richard Garwin, W. Jason Morgan, Edward Witten
- 2003 G. Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi
- 2004 Robert N. Clayton
- 2005 Ralph Asher Alpher, Lonnie Thompson
- 2006 Daniel Kleppner
- 2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, Charles P. Slichter, David J. Wineland
- 2008 Berni Alder, James E. Gunn
- 2009 Yakir Aharonov, Esther M. Conwell, Warren M. Washington
- 2011 Sidney Drell, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates
- 2012 Burton Richter, Sean C. Solomon
- 2014 Shirley Ann Jackson
Tehniške znanostiUredi
- 1962 Theodore von Kármán
- 1963 Vannevar Bush, John Robinson Pierce
- 1964 Charles S. Draper
- 1965 Hugh L. Dryden, Clarence L. Johnson, Warren K. Lewis
- 1966 Claude Elwood Shannon, Vladimir K. Zworykin
- 1967 Edwin H. Land, Igor I. Sikorsky
- 1968 J. Presper Eckert, Nathan M. Newmark
- 1969 Jack St. Clair Kilby
- 1970 George E. Mueller
- 1973 Harold E. Edgerton, Richard T. Whitcomb
- 1974 Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck, Abel Wolman
- 1975 Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick E. Terman, Wernher Von Braun
- 1976 Morris Cohen, Peter C. Goldmark, Erwin Wilhelm Müller
- 1979 Emmett N. Leith, Raymond D. Mindlin, Robert N. Noyce, Earl R. Parker, Simon Ramo
- 1982 Edward H. Heinemann, Donald L. Katz
- 1983 William R. Hewlett, George M. Low, John G. Trump
- 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, T. Y. Lin, Bernard M. Oliver
- 1987 Robert B. Bird, H. Bolton Seed, Ernst Weber
- 1988 Daniel C. Drucker, Willis M. Hawkins, George W. Housner
- 1989 Harry George Drickamer, Herbert E. Grier
- 1990 Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Nick Holonyak mlajši
- 1991 George Heilmeier, Luna B. Leopold, H. Guyford Stever
- 1992 Calvin F. Quate, John Roy Whinnery
- 1993 Alfred Y. Cho
- 1994 Ray W. Clough
- 1995 Hermann A. Haus
- 1996 James L. Flanagan, C. Kumar N. Patel
- 1998 Eli Ruckenstein
- 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens
- 2000 Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
- 2001 Andreas Acrivos
- 2002 Leo Beranek
- 2003 John M. Prausnitz
- 2004 Edwin N. Lightfoot
- 2005 Jan D. Achenbach, Tobin J. Marks
- 2007 Andrew J. Viterbi
- 2008 Rudolf E. Kálmán
- 2009 Amnon Yariv
- 2010 Shu Chien
- 2011 John Goodenough
- 2012 Thomas Kailath
KemijaUredi
- 1964 Roger Adams, Harold Clayton Urey, Robert Burns Woodward
- 1965 Peter Joseph William Debye
- 1966 Henry Eyring
- 1967 George Kistiakowsky
- 1968 Paul Bartlett, Lars Onsager
- 1970 Saul Winstein
- 1973 Carl Djerassi, Vladimir Haensel
- 1974 Paul Flory, Linus Carl Pauling, Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
- 1979 Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa
- 1982 F. Albert Cotton, Gilbert Stork
- 1983 Roald Hoffmann, George C. Pimentel, Richard N. Zare
- 1986 Harry Gray, Yuan Tseh Lee, Carl S. Marvel, Frank H. Westheimer
- 1987 William S. Johnson, Walter H. Stockmayer, Max Tishler
- 1988 William O. Baker, Konrad Emil Bloch, Elias James Corey
- 1989 Richard B. Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudoph A. Marcus, Harden M. McConnell
- 1990 Elkan Blout, Karl Folkers, John D. Roberts
- 1991 Ronald Breslow, Gertrude B. Elion, Dudley R. Herschbach, Glenn T. Seaborg
- 1992 Howard E. Simmons, Jr.
- 1993 Donald J. Cram, Norman Hackerman
- 1994 George S. Hammond
- 1995 Thomas Cech, Isabella L. Karle
- 1996 Norman Davidson
- 1997 Darleane C. Hoffman, Harold S. Johnston
- 1998 John W. Cahn, George M. Whitesides
- 1999 Stuart A. Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon
- 2000 John D. Baldeschwieler, Ralph F. Hirschmann
- 2001 Ernest R. Davidson, Gabor A. Somorjai
- 2002 John I. Brauman
- 2004 Stephen J. Lippard
- 2006 Marvin H. Caruthers, Peter B. Dervan, Robert S. Langer
- 2007 Mostafa A. El-Sayed
- 2008 Joanna S. Fowler, JoAnne Stubbe
- 2009 Stephen J. Benkovic, Marye Anne Fox
- 2010 Jacqueline K. Barton, Peter J. Stang
- 2011 Allen J. Bard, M. Frederick Hawthorne
- 2012 Judith P. Klinman, Jerrold Meinwald
- 2013 Geraldine Richmond
- 2014 A. Paul Alivisatos
Matematika, statistika in računalništvoUredi
- 1963 Norbert Wiener
- 1964 Solomon Lefschetz, H. Marston Morse
- 1965 Oscar Zariski
- 1966 John Willard Milnor
- 1967 Paul Joseph Cohen
- 1968 Jerzy Neyman
- 1969 William Feller
- 1970 Richard Brauer
- 1973 John Tukey
- 1974 Kurt Gödel
- 1975 John W. Backus, Shiing-Shen Chern, George B. Dantzig
- 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs, Hassler Whitney
- 1979 Joseph L. Doob, Donald Knuth
- 1982 Marshall Harvey Stone
- 1983 Herman Goldstine, Isadore Singer
- 1986 Peter Lax, Antoni Zygmund
- 1987 Raoul Bott, Michael Freedman
- 1988 Ralph E. Gomory, Joseph B. Keller
- 1989 Samuel Karlin, Saunders MacLane, Donald C. Spencer
- 1990 George F. Carrier, Stephen Cole Kleene, John McCarthy
- 1991 Alberto Calderón
- 1992 Allen Newell
- 1993 Martin Kruskal
- 1994 John Cocke
- 1995 Louis Nirenberg
- 1996 Richard M. Karp, Stephen Smale
- 1997 Šing-Tung Jau
- 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz
- 1999 Felix Browder, Ronald R. Coifman
- 2000 John Griggs Thompson, Karen K. Uhlenbeck
- 2001 Calyampudi R. Rao, Elias M. Stein
- 2002 James G. Glimm
- 2003 Carl R. de Boor
- 2004 Dennis P. Sullivan
- 2005 Bradley Efron
- 2006 Hyman Bass
- 2007 Leonard Kleinrock, Andrew J. Viterbi
- 2009 David B. Mumford
- 2010 Richard A. Tapia, Srinivasa S.R. Varadhan
- 2011 Solomon Wolf Golomb, Barry Mazur
- 2012 Alexandre Chorin, David Blackwell (posthumno)
- 2013 Michael Artin
Vedenjske znanosti in družboslovjeUredi
- 1964 Othmar H. Ammann, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Neal Elgar Miller
- 1986 Herbert A. Simon
- 1987 Anne Anastasi, George J. Stigler
- 1988 Milton Friedman
- 1989 Roger Wolcott Sperry
- 1990 Leonid Hurwicz, Patrick Suppes
- 1991 Robert W. Kates, George Armitage Miller
- 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson
- 1994 Robert K. Merton
- 1995 Roger N. Shepard
- 1996 Paul A. Samuelson
- 1997 William K. Estes
- 1998 William Julius Wilson
- 1999 Robert M. Solow
- 2000 Gary S. Becker
- 2001 George F. Bass
- 2003 R. Duncan Luce
- 2004 Kenneth J. Arrow
- 2005 Gordon H. Bower
- 2008 Michael I. Posner
- 2009 Mortimer Mishkin
- 2011 Anne Treisman
- 2012 Robert Axelrod
- 2014 Albert Bandura
ViriUredi
- ↑ The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Search Results. National Science Fundation. Pridobljeno 15.2.2010.
Zunanje povezaveUredi
Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: Nacionalna medalja znanosti.