English: Graph of a series involving the von Mangoldt function. More precisely, this is a graph of the function

${\displaystyle F(y)=\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }\left(\Lambda (n)-1\right)e^{-ny}}$

considered by Hardy and Littlewood in 1916. They demonstrated that

${\displaystyle F(y)={\mathcal {O}}\left({\sqrt {\frac {1}{y}}}\right)}$

Curiously, they also show that this function is oscillatory as well, with diverging oscillations. In particular, there exists a value ${\displaystyle K>0}$ such that

${\displaystyle F(y)<-{\frac {K}{\sqrt {y}}}}$ and ${\displaystyle F(y)>{\frac {K}{\sqrt {y}}}}$

infinitely often. This graph demonstrates that the second condition is not immediately apparent, numerically. The graph of this function appears to be remarkably linear in the region ${\displaystyle 10^{-5}<y<1/2}$ and visually appears to have an intercept with the y-axis at about -0.337877. However, on closer examination, one discovers oscillations of increasing magnitude as the function approaches ${\displaystyle y=0}$. For the oscillations shown in this graph, a summation including more than 2 billion terms of the series was required.