Religija v Tretjem rajhu

Popis maja 1939, šest let po nastopu nacističnega obdobja ter po priključitvi Avstrije in večinoma Češkoslovaške k Nemčiji, kaže, da je bilo 54 % prebivalstva protestantov, 40 % 3,5 % katoličanov in 1,5 % ateistov. Protestanti so glasovali za nacistično stranko in predstavljali njeno članstvo več kot katoličani.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Manjše verske manjšine, kot so Jehovove priče in bahajstvo, so bile v Nemčiji prepovedane, medtem ko so nacisti poskušali izkoreniniti judovstvo in so zato izvedli genocid nad njegovimi pripadniki. Cerkev adventistov sedmega dne je bila izgnana iz Nemčije. Nekatere verske manjšinske skupine so imele bolj zapleten odnos z novo državo, na primer Cerkev Jezusa Kristusa svetih iz poslednjih dni (LDS) je leta 1938 umaknila svoje voditelje iz Nemčije in Češkoslovaške, vendar je bilo podružnicam nemške cerkve LDS dovoljeno še naprej delovati, ves čas vojne pa so bili prisiljeni nekaj spremeniti v svoji strukturi in naukih.^[6]^[7]

V nacistični stranki so bili ljudje različnih verskih izpovedi. Bili so privrženci krščanstva, vendar so bili pogosto v nasprotju s papežem, ki je stranko obsodil s trditvijo, da ima protikatoliški pečat. Bili so tudi antisemiti in druge oblike heterodoksnih verskih prepričanj za herezijo.

Poleg tega je bilo osebnih pogledov nacističnih voditeljev na prihodnost vere v Nemčiji različnih. Proticerkveni radikalci so bili Hitlerjev osebni tajnik Martin Bormann, poganistični nacistični filozof Alfred Rosenberg in poganistični okultist Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. Nekateri nacisti, kot je Hans Kerrl, ki je bil Hitlerjev minister za cerkvene zadeve, so zagovarjali "pozitivno krščanstvo", edinstveno nacistično obliko krščanstva, ki je zavračalo judovski izvor krščanstva in Staro zavezo ter prikazovalo "pravo" krščanstvo kot boj proti Judom, z Jezusom upodobljenim kot arijec.^[8]

Nacizem je hotel spremeniti subjektivno zavest nemškega ljudstva – njegova stališča, vrednote in miselnost – v enoumno, poslušno »narodno skupnost«. Nacisti so verjeli, da bodo zato morali nadomestiti razredne, verske in regionalne pripadnosti. V procesu Gleichschaltung (nacifikacije) je Hitler poskušal ustvariti enotno protestantsko cerkev rajha iz 28 obstoječih protestantskih cerkva v Nemčiji. Načrt je propadel in Cerkev, ki se je izpovedovala, se mu je uprla. Preganjanje katoliške cerkve v Nemčiji je sledilo nacističnemu prevzemu oblasti. Hitler je hitro odpravil politični katolicizem. Med nadlegovanjem Cerkve je bil leta 1933 podpisan konkordat rajha z Vatikanom, ki je obljubljal spoštovanje avtonomije Cerkve. Hitler je redno zanemarjal konkordat in je zaprl vse katoliške ustanove, katerih funkcije niso bile preveč verske. Tarče so bili duhovniki, nune in laični voditelji, v naslednjih letih pa je bilo aretiranih na tisoče kristjanov. Cerkev je režim obtožila "temeljne sovražnosti do Kristusa in njegove Cerkve". Vendar se zgodovinarji upirajo preprosti enačbi nacističnega nasprotovanja tako judovstvu kot krščanstvu.^[9] Nacizem je bil očitno pripravljen uporabiti podporo kristjanov, ki so sprejeli njegovo ideologijo, in nacistično nasprotovanje tako judovstvu kot krščanstvu v mislih nacistov ni bilo povsem podobno. Mnogi zgodovinarji so verjeli, da so Hitler in nacisti, če bi zmagali v vojni, nameravali izkoreniniti krščanstvo v Nemčiji.^[10]

Glej tudi uredi

Verski pogledi Adolfa Hitlerja

Sklici uredi

↑ »Who voted (And didn't) for Hitler, and why?«. 10. avgust 2017.
↑ Simon, Dan (15. januar 2021). »Who Voted for Hitler?«. {{navedi revijo}}: Sklic magazine potrebuje|magazine= (pomoč)
↑ https://www.johndclare.net/Weimar6_Geary.htm
↑ »Who Voted for Hitler?«.
↑ Germany and the Confessional Divide: Religious Tensions and Political Culture, 1871-1989. Berghahn Books. 10. december 2021. ISBN 9781800730885.
↑ »Chapter Forty: The Saints during World War II«. www.churchofjesuschrist.org. Pridobljeno 26. marca 2021.
↑ Minert, Roger P. (2010). »German and Austrian Latter-day Saints in World War II: An Analysis of the Casualties and Losses« (PDF). Mormon Historical Studies. 11 (2): 1–21.
↑ Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 13–51. ISBN 9780521823715.
↑ Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence and the Holocaust, p. xx Indiana University Press
↑
* Sharkey, Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German ChristianityArhivirano 4 March 2009 na Wayback Machine., The New York Times, 13 January 2002
- The Nazi Master Plan: The Persecution of the Christian Churches Arhivirano 26 September 2013 na Wayback Machine., Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion, Winter 2001, publishing evidence compiled by the O.S.S. for the Nuremberg war-crimes trials of 1945 and 1946
- Griffin, Roger Fascism's relation to religion in Blamires, Cyprian, World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1, p. 10, ABC-CLIO, 2006: “There is no doubt that in the long run Nazi leaders such as Hitler and Himmler intended to eradicate Christianity just as ruthlessly as any other rival ideology, even if in the short term they had to be content to make compromises with it.”
- Mosse, George Lachmann, Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich, p. 240, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2003: "Had the Nazis won the war their ecclesiastical policies would have gone beyond those of the German Christians, to the utter destruction of both the Protestant and the Catholic Church."
- Shirer, William L., Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, pp. 240, Simon and Schuster, 1990: “And even fewer paused to reflect that under the leadership of Rosenberg, Bormann and Himmler, who were backed by Hitler, the Nazi regime intended eventually to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists.”
- Fischel, Jack R., Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust, p. 161, Rowman & Littlefield, 2020: “The objective was to either destroy Christianity and restore the German gods of antiquity or to turn Jesus into an Aryan.”
- Dill, Marshall, Germany: a modern history, p. 365, University of Michigan Press, 1970: “It seems no exaggeration to insist that the greatest challenge the Nazis had to face was their effort to eradicate Christianity in Germany or at least to subjugate it to their general world outlook.”
- Wheaton, Eliot Barculo The Nazi revolution, 1933–1935: prelude to calamity:with a background survey of the Weimar era, pp. 290, 363, Doubleday 1968: The Nazis sought "to eradicate Christianity in Germany root and branch."
- Bendersky, Joseph W., A concise history of Nazi Germany, p. 147, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007: “Consequently, it was Hitler's long range goal to eliminate the churches once he had consolidated control over his European empire.”

Zunanje povezave uredi

[1] »Who voted (And didn't) for Hitler, and why?«. 10. avgust 2017.

[2] Simon, Dan (15. januar 2021). »Who Voted for Hitler?«. {{navedi revijo}}: Sklic magazine potrebuje|magazine= (pomoč)

[3] ttps://www.johndclare.net/Weimar6_Geary.htm

[4] »Who Voted for Hitler?«.

[5] Germany and the Confessional Divide: Religious Tensions and Political Culture, 1871-1989. Berghahn Books. 10. december 2021. ISBN 9781800730885.

[6] »Chapter Forty: The Saints during World War II«. www.churchofjesuschrist.org. Pridobljeno 26. marca 2021.

[7] Minert, Roger P. (2010). »German and Austrian Latter-day Saints in World War II: An Analysis of the Casualties and Losses« (PDF). Mormon Historical Studies. 11 (2): 1–21.

[8] Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 13–51. ISBN 9780521823715.

[9] Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence and the Holocaust, p. xx Indiana University Press

[Bundle-10] * Sharkey, Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity Arhivirano 4 March 2009 na Wayback Machine., The New York Times, 13 January 2002
The Nazi Master Plan: The Persecution of the Christian Churches Arhivirano 26 September 2013 na Wayback Machine., Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion, Winter 2001, publishing evidence compiled by the O.S.S. for the Nuremberg war-crimes trials of 1945 and 1946

Griffin, Roger Fascism's relation to religion in Blamires, Cyprian, World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1, p. 10, ABC-CLIO, 2006: “There is no doubt that in the long run Nazi leaders such as Hitler and Himmler intended to eradicate Christianity just as ruthlessly as any other rival ideology, even if in the short term they had to be content to make compromises with it.”

Mosse, George Lachmann, Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich, p. 240, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2003: "Had the Nazis won the war their ecclesiastical policies would have gone beyond those of the German Christians, to the utter destruction of both the Protestant and the Catholic Church."

Shirer, William L., Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, pp. 240, Simon and Schuster, 1990: “And even fewer paused to reflect that under the leadership of Rosenberg, Bormann and Himmler, who were backed by Hitler, the Nazi regime intended eventually to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists.”

Fischel, Jack R., Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust, p. 161, Rowman & Littlefield, 2020: “The objective was to either destroy Christianity and restore the German gods of antiquity or to turn Jesus into an Aryan.”

Dill, Marshall, Germany: a modern history, p. 365, University of Michigan Press, 1970: “It seems no exaggeration to insist that the greatest challenge the Nazis had to face was their effort to eradicate Christianity in Germany or at least to subjugate it to their general world outlook.”

Wheaton, Eliot Barculo The Nazi revolution, 1933–1935: prelude to calamity:with a background survey of the Weimar era, pp. 290, 363, Doubleday 1968: The Nazis sought "to eradicate Christianity in Germany root and branch."

Bendersky, Joseph W., A concise history of Nazi Germany, p. 147, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007: “Consequently, it was Hitler's long range goal to eliminate the churches once he had consolidated control over his European empire.”

[11] The Nazi Master Plan: The Persecution of the Christian Churches Arhivirano 26 September 2013 na Wayback Machine., Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion, Winter 2001, publishing evidence compiled by the O.S.S. for the Nuremberg war-crimes trials of 1945 and 1946

[12] Griffin, Roger Fascism's relation to religion in Blamires, Cyprian, World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1, p. 10, ABC-CLIO, 2006: “There is no doubt that in the long run Nazi leaders such as Hitler and Himmler intended to eradicate Christianity just as ruthlessly as any other rival ideology, even if in the short term they had to be content to make compromises with it.”

[13] Mosse, George Lachmann, Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich, p. 240, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2003: "Had the Nazis won the war their ecclesiastical policies would have gone beyond those of the German Christians, to the utter destruction of both the Protestant and the Catholic Church."

[14] Shirer, William L., Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, pp. 240, Simon and Schuster, 1990: “And even fewer paused to reflect that under the leadership of Rosenberg, Bormann and Himmler, who were backed by Hitler, the Nazi regime intended eventually to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists.”

[15] Fischel, Jack R., Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust, p. 161, Rowman & Littlefield, 2020: “The objective was to either destroy Christianity and restore the German gods of antiquity or to turn Jesus into an Aryan.”

[16] Dill, Marshall, Germany: a modern history, p. 365, University of Michigan Press, 1970: “It seems no exaggeration to insist that the greatest challenge the Nazis had to face was their effort to eradicate Christianity in Germany or at least to subjugate it to their general world outlook.”

[17] Wheaton, Eliot Barculo The Nazi revolution, 1933–1935: prelude to calamity:with a background survey of the Weimar era, pp. 290, 363, Doubleday 1968: The Nazis sought "to eradicate Christianity in Germany root and branch."

[18] Bendersky, Joseph W., A concise history of Nazi Germany, p. 147, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007: “Consequently, it was Hitler's long range goal to eliminate the churches once he had consolidated control over his European empire.”

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