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G7: Razlika med redakcijama

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Redakcija: 16:05, 11. junij 2021

Skupina sedmih (G7) je neformalna skupina gospodarsko najuspešnejših liberalnih demokracij, ki jo sestavljajo Kanada, Francija, Nemčija, Italija, Japonska, Združeno kraljestvo in Združene države Amerike.[1] Voditelji vlad držav članic in predstavniki Evropske unije se sestanejo na letnem vrhu G7.

G7
Slika:47th G7 2021 waves logo.svg
The G7-nations (blue) and the European Union (teal)

Member states and key leaders:

 ZDAPredsednik Joe Biden
 Združeno kraljestvo (gostitelj 2021)Predsednik vlade Boris Johnson
 KanadaPredsednik vlade Justin Trudeau
 FrancijaPredsednik Emmanuel Macron
 NemčijaKanclerka Angela Merkel
 ItalyPredsednik vlade Mario Draghi
 JaponskaPredsednik vlade Jošihide Suga
 Evropska unijaPredsednik Evropskega sveta Charles Michel
Predsednica Komisije Ursula von der Leyen
OkrajšavaG7
PredhodnikG8 (do 2014)
Nastanek25. marec 1973 ("Knjižnična skupina")
1. vrh G6: 15. november 1975
Kraj ustanovitveWashington, D.C. ("Knjižnica Bele hiše")
Rambouillet 1. vrh G6
Tipneuradno srečanje
Namenpolitika
Področjamednarodna politika
Članice (2021)
7 (in EU)
Nekdaj imenovana
G5
G6
G8

Od leta 2018 G7 predstavlja 58% svetovnega neto premoženja (317 milijard ameriških dolarjev), več kot 46% svetovnega bruto domačega proizvoda (BDP) na podlagi nominalnih vrednosti in več kot 32 % svetovnega BDP na podlagi paritete kupne moči. Sedem vključenih držav je tudi največjih svetovnih v Mednarodnem denarnem skladu - naprednih gospodarstev.[2][3]

Zgodovina

 
Zastave članov G7 izobežene na University Avenue v Torontu

Koncept foruma za glavne industrializirane države sveta se je pojavil pred naftno krizo leta 1973. V nedeljo, 25. marca 1973, je ameriški finančni minister George Shultz pred tem sklical neformalno srečanje finančnih ministrov Zahodne Nemčije (Helmut Schmidt), Francije (Valéry Giscard d'Estaing) in Združenega kraljestva (Anthony Barber) pred srečanjem v Washingtonu, DC. Srečanje je bilo nato v knjižnici v pritličju Bele hiše,[4] zato je slišoma postala znana kot "knjižnična skupina".[5] Sredi leta 1973 je Shultz na sestankih Svetovne banke in Mednarodnega denarnega sklada predlagal vključitev Japonske med prvotne štiri države, ki so se s predlogom strinjale. Neformalno srečanje visokih finančnih uradnikov iz ZDA, Velike Britanije, Zahodne Nemčije, Japonske in Francije je postalo znano kot "skupina petih" oz. G5.[6]

Leta 1974 je francoski predsednik Georges Pompidou umrl in njegov neposredni naslednik ni hotel kandidirati na izrednih volitvah, kar je povzročilo dve zamenjavi predsednika države v Franciji v enem letu. Zahodnonemški kancler Brandt, ameriški predsednik Richard Nixon in japonski premier Kakuei Tanaka so zaradi škandalov odstopili. V Združenem kraljestvu je bila manjšinska vlada oblikovana po visečih volitvah, kar je do drugih volitev tistega leta ustvarilo nestabilne razmere. Končno je tradicionalno nestabilna vlada 1. italijanske republike še enkrat zamenjala predsednika vlade.

Konec pomladi 1975 je francoski predsednik d'Estaing povabil voditelje vlad iz Zahodne Nemčije, Italije, Japonske, Združenega kraljestva in ZDA na vrh v Château de Rambouillet; [7] letno srečanje šestih voditeljev je bilo organizirano pod rotacijskim predsedstvom in je tvorilo skupino šestih (G6). Leta 1976 se je skupini pridružila Kanada[8] in skupina je postala Skupina sedmih (G7). Od prvega povabila Združenega kraljestva leta 1977, Evropsko unijo zastopa predsednik Evropske komisije, nekaj let kasneje se je pridružil še predsednik Evropskega sveta, ki je bil dolga leta vodja države, ki je predsedovala Svetu Evropske unije.[9]

# Date Host Host figure Location held Notes (previous)

Links (future)

1st 15–17 November 1975   France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Château de Rambouillet, Yvelines G6 Summit
2nd 27–28 June 1976   United States Gerald R. Ford Dorado, Puerto Rico[10] Also called "Rambouillet II". Canada joined the group, forming the G7.
3rd 7–8 May 1977   United Kingdom James Callaghan London, England The President of the European Commission was invited to join the annual G7 summits.
4th 16–17 July 1978   West Germany Helmut Schmidt Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia
5th 28–29 June 1979   Japan Masayoshi Ōhira Tokyo
6th 22–23 June 1980   Italy Francesco Cossiga Venice, Veneto Prime Minister Ōhira died in office on 12 June; Foreign Minister Saburō Ōkita led the delegation that represented Japan.
7th 20–21 July 1981   Canada Pierre E. Trudeau Montebello, Québec
8th 4–6 June 1982   France François Mitterrand Versailles, Yvelines
9th 28–30 May 1983   United States Ronald Reagan Williamsburg, Virginia
10th 7–9 June 1984   United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher London, England
11th 2–4 May 1985   West Germany Helmut Kohl Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia
12th 4–6 May 1986   Japan Yasuhiro Nakasone Tokyo
13th 8–10 June 1987   Italy Amintore Fanfani Venice, Veneto
14th 19–21 June 1988   Canada Brian Mulroney Toronto, Ontario
15th 14–16 July 1989   France François Mitterrand Paris, Paris
16th 9–11 July 1990   United States George H. W. Bush Houston, Texas
17th 15–17 July 1991   United Kingdom John Major London, England
18th 6–8 July 1992   Germany Helmut Kohl Munich, Bavaria
19th 7–9 July 1993   Japan Kiichi Miyazawa Tokyo
20th 8–10 July 1994   Italy Silvio Berlusconi Naples, Campania
21st 15–17 June 1995   Canada Jean Chrétien Halifax, Nova Scotia
22nd 27–29 June 1996   France Jacques Chirac Lyon, Rhône International organizations' debut to G7 Summits periodically. The invited ones here were: United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization.[11]
23rd 20–22 June 1997   United States Bill Clinton Denver, Colorado Russia joins the group, forming G8.
24th 15–17 May 1998   United Kingdom Tony Blair Birmingham, West Midlands
25th 18–20 June 1999   Germany Gerhard Schröder Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia First Summit of the G-20 major economies at Berlin.
26th 21–23 July 2000   Japan Yoshirō Mori Nago, Okinawa Formation of the G8+5 starts, when South Africa was invited. Until the 38th G8 summit in 2012, it has been invited to the Summit annually without interruption. Also, with permission from a G8 leader, other nations were invited to the Summit on a periodical basis for the first time. Nigeria, Algeria and Senegal accepted their invitations here. The World Health Organization was also invited for the first time.
27th 21–22 July 2001   Italy Silvio Berlusconi Genoa, Liguria Leaders from Bangladesh, Mali and El Salvador accepted their invitations here. Demonstrator Carlo Giuliani is shot and killed by the Carabinieri during a violent demonstration. One of the largest and most violent anti-globalization movement protests occurred for the 27th G8 summit.[12] Following those events and the September 11 attacks two months later in 2001, the G8 have met at more remote locations.
28th 26–27 June 2002   Canada Jean Chrétien Kananaskis, Alberta Russia gains permission to officially host a G8 Summit.
29th 1–3 June 2003   France Jacques Chirac Évian-les-Bains, Haute-Savoie The G8+5 was unofficially made, when China, India, Brazil, and Mexico were invited to this Summit for the first time. South Africa has joined the G8 Summit, since 2000, until the 2012 edition. Other first-time nations that were invited by the French president included: Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Switzerland.
30th 8–10 June 2004   United States George W. Bush Sea Island, Georgia A record number of leaders from 12 different nations accepted their invitations here. Amongst a couple of veteran nations, the others were: Ghana, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Yemen and Uganda. Also, the state funeral of former President Ronald Reagan took place in Washington during the summit. All of G8 participants attended this funeral, along with 20 more heads of state.
31st 6–8 July 2005   United Kingdom Tony Blair Gleneagles, Scotland The G8+5 was officially formed. On the second day of the meeting, suicide bombers killed 52 people on the London Underground and a bus. Nations that were invited for the first time were Ethiopia and Tanzania. The African Union and the International Energy Agency made their debut here. During the 31st G8 summit in United Kingdom, 225,000 people took to the streets of Edinburgh as part of the Make Poverty History campaign calling for Trade Justice, Debt Relief and Better Aid. Numerous other demonstrations also took place challenging the legitimacy of the G8.[13]
32nd 15–17 July 2006   Russia (only G8 member, not G7)[14] Vladimir Putin Strelna, Saint Petersburg First G8 Summit on Russian Federation soil. Also, the International Atomic Energy Agency and UNESCO made their debut here.
33rd 6–8 June 2007   Germany Angela Merkel Heiligendamm, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Seven different international organizations accepted their invitations to this Summit. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Commonwealth of Independent States made their debut here.
34th 7–9 July 2008   Japan Yasuo Fukuda Tōyako, Hokkaidō Nations that accepted their G8 Summit invitations for the first time are: Australia, Indonesia and South Korea.
35th 8–10 July 2009   Italy Silvio Berlusconi La Maddalena, Sardinia (cancelled)

L'Aquila, Abruzzo

(re-located)[15] 		This G8 Summit was originally planned to be in La Maddalena (Sardinia), but was moved to L'Aquila as a way of showing Prime Minister Berlusconi's desire to help the region after the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. It was the most heavily attended summit in the history of the group (with 15 invited countries). Nations that accepted their invitations for the first time were: Angola, Denmark, Netherlands and Spain.[16] Also, a record of 11 international organizations were represented in this G8 Summit. For the first time, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the World Food Programme, and the International Labour Organization accepted their invitations.[17]
36th 25–26 June 2010[18]   Canada Stephen Harper Huntsville, Ontario[19] Malawi, Colombia, Haiti, and Jamaica accepted their invitations for the first time.[20]
37th 26–27 May 2011   France Nicolas Sarkozy Deauville,[21][22] Calvados Guinea, Niger, Côte d'Ivoire and Tunisia accepted their invitations for the first time. Also, the League of Arab States made its debut to the meeting.[23]
38th 18–19 May 2012   United States Barack Obama Chicago, Illinois (cancelled)

Camp David, Maryland (re-located)[24] 		The summit was originally planned for Chicago, along with the NATO summit, but it was announced officially on 5 March 2012, that the G8 summit will be held at the more private location of Camp David and at one day earlier than previously scheduled.[25] Also, this is the second G8 summit, in which one of the leaders, Vladimir Putin, declined to participate. This G8 summit concentrated on the core leaders only; no non-G8 leaders or international organizations were invited.
39th 17–18 June 2013   United Kingdom David Cameron Lough Erne, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland[26] As in 2012, only the core members of the G8 attended this meeting. The four main topics that were discussed here were trade, government transparency, tackling tax evasion, and the ongoing Syrian crisis.[27]
40th 4–5 June 2014   European Union Herman Van Rompuy

José Manuel Barroso 		Brussels, Belgium (re-located from Sochi, Russia) G7 summit as an alternative meeting without Russia in 2014 due to association with Crimean crisis.[28] The 2014 G8 summit in Sochi was cancelled and re-located to Brussels, Belgium without Russia.[29] Emergency meeting in March 2014 in The Hague.
41st 7–8 June 2015   Germany Angela Merkel Schloss Elmau, Bavaria[30] Summit dedicated to focus on the global economy as well as on key issues regarding foreign, security and development policy.[31] The Global Apollo Programme was also on the agenda.[32]
42nd 26–27 May 2016[33][34]   Japan Shinzō Abe Shima, Mie Prefecture[35] The G7 leaders aim to address challenges affecting the growth of the world economy, like slowdowns in emerging markets and drops in price of oil. The G7 also issued a warning to the United Kingdom that "a UK exit from the EU would reverse the trend towards greater global trade and investment, and the jobs they create and is a further serious risk to growth".[36] Commitment to an EU–Japan Free Trade Agreement.
43rd 26–27 May 2017[37]   Italy Paolo Gentiloni Taormina, Sicily[38] G7 leaders emphasized common endeavours: to end the Syrian crisis, to fulfill the UN mission in Libya and reducing the presence of ISIS, ISIL and Da'esh in Syria and Iraq. North Korea was urged to comply with UN resolutions, Russian responsibility was stressed for Ukrainian conflict. Supporting economic activity and ensuring price stability was demanded while inequalities in trade and gender were called to be challenged. It was agreed to help countries in creating conditions that address the drivers of migration: ending hunger, increasing competitiveness and advancing global health security.[39]
44th 8–9 June 2018   Canada[40] Justin Trudeau La Malbaie, Québec It took place at the Manoir Richelieu. Prime Minister Trudeau announced five themes for Canada's G7 presidency which began in January 2018. Climate, along with commerce trades, was one of the main themes. “Working together on climate change, oceans and clean energy”.[41] The G7 members' final statement contains 28 points. US President Donald Trump did not agree to the economic section of the final statement.[42] The G7 members also announced to recall sanctions and to be ready to take further restrictive measures against Russian Federation for the failure of Minsk Agreement's complete implementation.[43]
45th 24–26 August 2019   France[44] Emmanuel Macron Biarritz, Pyrénées-Atlantiques It was agreed at the summit that the World Trade Organization, "with regard to intellectual property protection, to settle disputes more swiftly and to eliminate unfair trade practices", "to simplify regulatory barriers and modernize international taxation within the framework of the OECD", "to ensure that Iran never acquires nuclear weapons and to foster peace and stability in the region.", "to support a truce in Libya that will lead to a long-term ceasefire" and addressed the Russian military intervention in Ukraine and the 2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests.[45][46][47][48]
46th Cancelled   United States (original host)

  None 		Donald Trump (original host figure) Camp David, Maryland (cancelled) This meeting was originally scheduled to be held in Camp David, Maryland, but that meeting was officially cancelled on March 19, 2020 due to the concerns over the worldwide coronavirus pandemic and was replaced by a global videoconference.[49]
47th 11–13 June 2021   United Kingdom[50] Boris Johnson Carbis Bay, St Ives, Cornwall, England[51] Provisional agreement reached on global minimum corporate tax rate of 15%
48th TBD, 2022   Germany TBD TBD
49th TBD, 2023   Japan TBD TBD
50th TBD, 2024   Italy TBD TBD

Voditelji držav in predstavniki EU (od leta 2021)

Polemika

Izključitev Rusije

Marca 2014 so člani G7 po priključitvi Krima člani skupine G7 Rusko federacijo izključili iz političnega foruma G8. Po prekinitvi se je Ruska federacija januarja 2017 odločila, da trajno zapusti G8. Potrjeno je bilo junija 2018.[52][53][54][55][56]

Protesti leta 2015

Med vrhom je demonstriralo približno 7.500 protestnikov pod vodstvom skupine 'Stop-G7'. Približno 300 jih je uspelo doseči tretjo 3 m visoko in 7 km dolgo varnostno ograjo, ki je obdajala prizorišče vrha, kljub neizmernim prizadevanjem Nemčije, da bi ga preprečila, in kljub oddaljeni lokaciji - luksuzni hotel Schloss Elmau ob vznožju gorovja Wetterstein (nadmorska višina). Protestniki so dvomili v legitimnost skupine G7, da bi sprejemala odločitve, ki bi lahko vplivale na ves svet. Oblasti so prepovedale demonstracije na bližnjem območju vrha, 20.000 policistov pa je dežuralo na južnem Bavarskem, da bi preprečili, da bi aktivisti in protestniki ovirali vrh.[57][58]

Glej tudi:

Sklici

Zunanje povezave

  1. ↑ McHugh, David (23. avgust 2019). »After 45 years, G-7 endures despite the Trump tweets«. AP. Pridobljeno 4. junija 2021.
  2. ↑ »Report for Selected Countries and Subjects«. www.imf.org.
  3. ↑ »World Economic Outlook Database«. International Monetary Fund. imf.org. Oktober 2017. Major Advanced Economies (G7).
  4. ↑ Shultz, George P. (1993). Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State. p. 148. ISBN 0-684-19325-6.
  5. ↑ Bayne, Nicholas; Putnam, Robert D. (2000). Hanging in There. Ashgate Pub Ltd. 230 pages. ISBN 075461185X. p. 20.
  6. ↑ Farnsworth, Clyde H. (8 May 1977). "A Secret Society of Finance Ministers," New York Times.
  7. ↑ »Evian summit – Questions about the G8«. Ministère des Affaires étrangères, Paris. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 20. aprila 2011. Pridobljeno 18. marca 2011.
  8. ↑ The Canadian Encyclopedia – Canada and the G8 G8: The Most Exclusive Club in the World, Thomas S. Axworthy, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Foundation of Canada, Toronto, Undated. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  9. ↑ »EU and the G8«. European Union. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 26. decembra 2007. Pridobljeno 17. julija 2006.
  10. ↑ Shabecoff, Philip. "Go-Slow Policies Urged by Leaders in Economic Talks; Closing Statement Calls for Sustained Growth Coupled With Curbs on Inflation; Ford's Aims Realized; 7 Heads of Government Also Agree to Consider a New Body to Assist Italy Co-Slow Economic Policies Urged by 7 Leaders," The New York Times. 29 June 1976; Chronology, June 1976. Arhivirano 15 July 2010 na Wayback Machine.
  11. ↑ Kirton, John. "A Summit of Substantial Success: The Performance of the 2008 G8"; pp. 88, 89 G8 Information Centre – University of Toronto 17 July 2008.
  12. ↑ Italy officials convicted over G8, BBC News, 15 July 2008
  13. ↑ David Miller "Spinning the G8" Arhivirano 28 May 2009 na Wayback Machine., Zednet, 13 May 2005.
  14. ↑ »Select Country or Country Groups«. www.imf.org.
  15. ↑ »Berlusconi Proposes Relocation of G8 Summit to L'Aquila«. Running in heels. 24. april 2009. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 8. avgusta 2016. Pridobljeno 12. junija 2016.
  16. ↑ »G8 Summit 2009 – official website – Other Countries«. G8italia2009.it. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 6. aprila 2010. Pridobljeno 8. februarja 2010.
  17. ↑ »G8 Summit 2009 – official website – International Organizations«. G8italia2009.it. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 6. aprila 2010. Pridobljeno 8. februarja 2010.
  18. ↑ »Canada's G8 Plans« (PDF). Pridobljeno 27. junija 2010.
  19. ↑ »Prime Minister of Canada: Prime Minister announces Canada to host 2010 G8 Summit in Huntsville«. Pm.gc.ca. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 8. februarja 2010. Pridobljeno 8. februarja 2010.
  20. ↑ Participants at the 2010 Muskoka Summit. G8 Information Centre. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  21. ↑ "Le prochain G20 aura lieu à Cannes," Le point. 12 November 2010.
  22. ↑ The City of Deauville Official 2011 G8 website. Retrieved 7 February 2011. Arhivirano 19 March 2012 na Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ Kirton, John (26. maj 2011). »Prospects for the 2011 G8 Deauville Summit«. G8 Information Centre. Pridobljeno 27. maja 2011.
  24. ↑ »2012 G8 Summit Relocation«. G8.utoronto.ca. Pridobljeno 26. marca 2013.
  25. ↑ »White House Moves G8 Summit From Chicago To Camp David«. CBS Chicago. 5. marec 2012. Pridobljeno 5. marca 2012.
  26. ↑ »BBC News – Lough Erne resort in Fermanagh to host G8 summit«. BBC News. Bbc.co.uk. 20. november 2012. Pridobljeno 26. marca 2013.
  27. ↑ »As it happened: G8 summit«. BBC News. Pridobljeno 18. junija 2013.
  28. ↑ »Russia out in the cold after suspension from the G8«. The Scotsman. 18. marec 2014. Pridobljeno 23. marca 2014.
  29. ↑ »G-7 Agrees to Exclude Russia, Increase Sanctions/World Powers to Meet in Brussels in June Without Russia«. The Wall Street Journal. 25. marec 2014.
  30. ↑ »Germany to hold 2015 G8 summit at Alpine spa«. The Washington Post. 23. januar 2014. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 23. januarja 2014.
  31. ↑ »German G7 presidency – Key topics for the summit announced«. 19. november 2014.
  32. ↑ Carrington, Damian. »Global Apollo programme seeks to make clean energy cheaper than coal«. The Guardian. Št. 2 June 2015. Guardian News Media. Pridobljeno 2. junija 2015.
  33. ↑ »Japan announced to host G7 summit in 2016 in Shima«. prepsure.com. 23. junij 2015. Pridobljeno 27. junija 2015.
  34. ↑ »Japan Announces Dates for G7 Summit in 2016«. NDTV. 23. junij 2015. Pridobljeno 27. junija 2015.
  35. ↑ »来年のサミット 三重県志摩市で開催へ (Next Year's Summit To Be Held in Shima City, Mie Prefecture)« (v japonščini). 5. junij 2015. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 5. junija 2015. Pridobljeno 5. junija 2015.
  36. ↑ Asthana, Anushka (27. maj 2016). »Brexit would pose 'serious risk' to global growth, say G7 leaders«. The Guardian. Pridobljeno 28. maja 2016.
  37. ↑ »Renzi announces to host G7 summit in 2017 in Taormina«. RaiNews24. 26. maj 2016. Pridobljeno 27. maja 2016.
  38. ↑ Redazione (1. april 2016). »G7 a Taormina, è ufficiale. Renzi chiama da Boston il sindaco Giardina: "Il vertice si farà nella Perla"«.
  39. ↑ »G7 Taormina Leaders' Communiqué« (PDF). G7 Italy 2017. 27. maj 2017. Pridobljeno 11. junija 2017.
  40. ↑ »Canada to host 2018 G7 Summit in Charlevoix, Quebec«. pm.gc.ca. Prime Minister of Canada. 27. maj 2017. Pridobljeno 27. maja 2017.
  41. ↑ Walker, Tony R.; Xanthos, Dirk (2018). »A call for Canada to move toward zero plastic waste by reducing and recycling single-use plastics«. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 133: 99–100. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.02.014.
  42. ↑ »Sommet du G7 : Trump retire son soutien au communiqué commun sur le commerce«. Le Monde.fr. 9. junij 2018.
  43. ↑ Editorial, Reuters (9. junij 2018). »The Charlevoix G7 Summit Communique«. Reuters. {{navedi novice}}: |first= ima generično ime (pomoč)
  44. ↑ »G7 Summit in Brussels, 4–5 June 2014: Background note and facts about the EU's role and action«. 3. junij 2014. Pridobljeno 2. aprila 2015.
  45. ↑ »US President Donald Trump says he believes China sincerely seeks a trade deal«. South China Morning Post. 26. avgust 2019.
  46. ↑ »News Analysis: G7 summit declaration cannot conceal deep U.S.-EU rift«. xinhuanet. 27. avgust 2019.
  47. ↑ »Biarritz G7 summit non-binding declaration on Libya calls for truce, political solution and conference«. Libya Herald. 27. avgust 2019.
  48. ↑ »G7 leaders back HK autonomy, urge calm«. rthk.hk. 27. avgust 2019.
  49. ↑ Perano, Ursula; Treene, Alayna (19. marec 2020). »White House cancels in-person G7 summit at Camp David due to coronavirus«. Media. Pridobljeno 12. aprila 2020.
  50. ↑ »Come funziona il G7?«. www.g7italy.it.
  51. ↑ »G7: UK to host Cornwall seaside summit in summer«. BBC News (v britanski angleščini). 17. januar 2021. Pridobljeno 17. januarja 2021.
  52. ↑ »U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8«. CNN.com. 24. marec 2014. Pridobljeno 25. marca 2014.
  53. ↑ Smale, Alison; Shear, Michael D. (24. marec 2014). »Russia Is Ousted From Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies«. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Pridobljeno 21. decembra 2015.
  54. ↑ »Russia suspended from G8 over annexation of Crimea, Group of Seven nations says«. National Post. 24. marec 2014. Pridobljeno 21. decembra 2015.
  55. ↑ »Russia just quit the G8 for good«.
  56. ↑ hermesauto (9. junij 2018). »Russia brushes off possibility of G-8 return«.
  57. ↑ »Der Spiegel: Proteste um Schloss Elmau – Demonstranten wandern bis zum G7-Zaun«. Der Spiegel. 7. junij 2015. Pridobljeno 11. junija 2015.
  58. ↑ »Bild: 7 Kilometer lang, 3 Meter hoch, auf ganzer Länge beleuchtet«. Bild. 3. junij 2015. Pridobljeno 11. junija 2015.
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