Uporabnik:Stebunik/peskovnik2: Razlika med redakcijama
Izbrisana vsebina Dodana vsebina
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Vrstica 26:
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== Živjenjepis ==
'''Christina''' (18 December 1626 – 19 April 1689), the only surviving legitimate child of King [[Gustav II Adolph]] and his wife [[Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg]], reigned as [[Queen of Sweden]] {{refn|group=note|With the titles of Queen of the [[Swedes (Germanic tribe)|Swedes]], [[King of the Goths|Goths]] (or [[Geats]]) and [[King of the Wends|Wends]]<ref name="J. Guinchard 1914 188">{{cite book |author=J. Guinchard |title=Sweden: Historical and statistical handbook |year=1914 |location=Stockholm |publisher=P. A. Norstedt & Söner |page=188 |url=http://runeberg.org/sweden14/1/0218.html}}</ref> <!--(or [[Vandals]])--> (''Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque Regina'');<ref name="academia.edu">[https://www.academia.edu/232566/Der_K%C3%B6nig_der_Schweden_Goten_und_Vandalen._K%C3%B6nigstitulatur_und_Vandalenrezeption_im_fr%C3%BChneuzeitlichen_Schweden Stefan Donecker/Roland Steinacher (2009) Der König der Schweden, Goten und Vandalen. Königstitulatur und Vandalenrezeption im frühneuzeitlichen Schweden.] In: Vergangenheit und Vergegenwärtigung. Frühes Mittelalter und europäische Erinnerungskultur. Ed. by Helmut Reimitz and Bernhard Zeller (= Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 14; Wien 2009).</ref> [[Grand Princess of Finland]], and Duchess of [[Estonia]], [[Livonia]] and [[Karelia]],<ref>Stolpe 1974 pp. 142 & 145</ref> [[Bremen-Verden]], [[Stettin]], [[Swedish Pomerania|Pomerania]], [[Kashubia|<]] and Vandalia,<ref name="Roland Steinacher 2006">Stefan Donecker/Roland Steinacher, Rex Vandalorum. The Debates on Wends and Vandals in Swedish Humanism as an Indicator for Early Modern Patterns of Ethnic Perception. In: Der Norden im Ausland – das Ausland im Norden. Formung und Transformation von Konzepten und Bildern des Anderen vom Mittelalter bis heute, ed. Sven Hakon Rossel (Wiener Studien zur Skandinavistik 15, Wien 2006) 242–252</ref> Princess of [[Rugia]], Lady of [[Swedish Ingria|Ingria]] and of [[Wismar]].<ref name="gutenberg.org">{{cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17407?msg=welcome_stranger|title=A Journal of the Swedish Embassy in the Years 1653 and 1654, Vol II. by Whitlocke|publisher=|accessdate=10 July 2017|via=www.gutenberg.org|date=2005-12-28}}</ref>}} from 1632 until her [[abdication]] in 1654.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Sweden.html|title=Sweden|publisher=World Statesmen|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At the age of six,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/christina.html|title=Christina of Sweden|website=departments.kings.edu|accessdate=10 July 2017}}</ref> Christina succeeded her father <!--on the throne--> upon his death at the [[Battle of Lützen (1632)|Battle of Lützen]], but began ruling the [[Swedish Empire]] when she reached the age of 18 in 1644.
Christina is remembered as one of the most learned women of the 17th century.<ref>Stephan, Ruth: [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christina-queen-of-Sweden Christina, Queen of Sweden]. Britannica. Accessed December 10, 2018.</ref> She was fond of books, manuscripts, paintings, and sculptures. With her interest in religion, philosophy, mathematics and alchemy, she attracted many scientists to Stockholm, wanting the city to become the "Athens of the North." She was intelligent, fickle and moody. She caused a scandal when she decided not to marry<ref name="books.google.com"/> and in 1654 when she abdicated her throne and converted to [[Roman Catholicism]]. Baptized as Kristina Augusta, she adopted the name Christina Alexandra.{{refn|group=note|Alexandra was a confirmation name in 1654, chosen in honour of the reigning pope, [[Alexander VII]], and one of her heroes, [[Alexander the Great]]. The pope had urged her to also add "Maria" in honour of the [[Virgin Mary|Virgin]], but she refused.<ref>Buckley, p. 15; 182-3.</ref>}}
Christina's financial extravagance brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy, and the financial difficulties caused public unrest after ten years of ruling. At the age of 28, the <!--Pallas or -->"[[Minerva]] of the North" relinquished the throne to her cousin and moved to Rome.<ref name="Script from Clark.edu">[http://web.clark.edu/afisher/Examples/example%20253.pdf Script from Clark.edu by Anita L. Fisher] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121349/http://web.clark.edu/afisher/Examples/example%20253.pdf |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref> The Pope described Christina as "a queen without a realm, a Christian without faith, and a woman without shame."<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsG7BAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA17-IA80|title=The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day|first=Ivan|last=Lindsay|date=2 June 2014|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|accessdate=10 July 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9781906509576}}</ref> Notwithstanding, she played a leading part in the theatrical and musical community and protected many [[Baroque]] artists, composers, and musicians.
Being the guest of five consecutive popes,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z19aM96gY1cC&lpg=PT42|title=The Vatican's Women: Female Influence at the Holy See|first=Paul|last=Hofmann|date=8 October 2002|publisher=St. Martin's Press|accessdate=10 July 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9781429975476}}</ref> and a symbol of the [[Counter Reformation]], she is one of the few women buried in the [[Vatican grotto]]. Her unconventional lifestyle and masculine dressing and behavior have been featured in countless novels, plays, operas, and film. In all the biographies about Christina, her gender and cultural identity play an important role.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6zFXgm6CnAC&lpg=PA40|title=Frauenbiographik: Lebensbeschreibungen und Porträts|first=Christian von|last=Zimmermann|date=10 July 2017|publisher=Gunter Narr Verlag|accessdate=10 July 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9783823361626}}</ref>
== Smrt in spomin ==
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