|
<!-- Urejajte pod to vrstico -->
= Kristina Švedska (1626-1689) ==
= Seznam avstrijskih vladarjev - peskovnik 6 =
{{v delu}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kristina
| image =Swedish queen Drottning Kristina portrait by Sébastien Bourdon stor.jpg
| caption =Portret je narisal [[Sébastien Bourdon]]<ref name="ir.uiowa.edu">[http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1761&context=etd Nathan Alan Popp Beneath the surface: the portraiture and visual rhetoric of Sweden's Queen Christina]</ref>
| succession = [[Seznam švedskih kraljev|kraljica Švedske]]
| reign = {{nowrap|6. november 1632 – 6. junij 1654}}
| coronation = [[20. oktober]] [[1650]]
| predecessor = [[Gustav II. Adolf|Gustav II. Adolf Švedski]]
| successor = [[Karel X. Gustav Švedski|Karel X. Gustav Švedski]]
| birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|18. december|1626|8. december}}
| birth_place = [[Tre Kronor (grad)|Tre Kronor]], [[Stockholm]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1689|4|19|1626|12|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Rim]], [[Papeška država]]
| burial_date = [[22. junij]] [[1689]]
| burial_place = [[Bazilika svetega Petra, Vatikan|Bazilika svetega Petra]], [[Vatikan]]
| full name = Kristina Avgusta <br> Kristina Aleksandra
| house = [[Rodbina Vasa|Vasa]]
| father = [[Gustav II. Adolf|Gustav II. Adolf Švedski]]
| mother = [[Marija Eleonora od Brandenburga|Marija Eleonora]]
| religion = [[katoličani|rimskokatoliška]] (1652-1689)<br>[[luterani|luteranska]] (1626-1652)
| type = monarch
}}
== Smrt in spomin ==
{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Austrians}}
Austria was ruled by the [[House of Babenberg]] until 1246 and by the [[House of Habsburg]] from 1282 to 1918.
=== Rodovnik - družinsko deblo ===
==Margraves of Austria==
{{See also|March of Austria|Margrave}}
The March of Austria, also known as ''Marcha Orientalis'', was first formed in 976 out of the lands that had once been the [[March of Pannonia]] in [[Carolingian]] times. The oldest attestation dates back to 996, where the written name "ostarrichi" occurs in a document transferring land in present-day Austria to a Bavarian [[monastery]].
{| class="wikitable"
===House of Babenberg===
{{Nobility table header}}
|width=auto| '''[[Leopold I, Margrave of Austria|Leopold I the Illustrious]]'''<br />(''Luitpold der Erlauchte'')<br />976–994
| [[Image:Herzog Leopold I. Babenberg.jpg|100px]]
| c. 940
| [[Richardis of Sualafeldgau]]<br />nine children
| 10 July 994<br />[[Würzburg]]<br />aged about 54
|-
|width=auto| '''[[Henry I, Margrave of Austria|Henry I the Strong]]'''<br />(''Heinrich der Starke'')<br />994–1018
| [[Image:Herzog Heinrich I. Babenberg.jpg|100px]]
| late 10th century<br />son of [[Leopold I, Margrave of Austria|Leopold I]] and [[Richardis of Sualafeldgau]]
| ''never married''
| 23 June 1018
|-
| rowspan="16" align="center"| '''Kristina Švedska Katoliška'''
|width=auto| '''[[Adalbert, Margrave of Austria|Adalbert I the Victorious]]'''<br />(''Adalbert der Siegreiche'')<br />1018–1055
| rowspan="8" align="center"| '''Oče:'''<br />[[Gustav II. Adolf |Gustav II. Adolf Švedski]]
| [[File:Adalbert der Siegreiche.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Nonno paterno:'''<br />[[Karel IX. Švedski]]
| c. 985<br />son of [[Leopold I, Margrave of Austria|Leopold I]] and [[Richardis of Sualafeldgau]]
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonno paterno:'''<br />[[Sigismund III. Poljski|Gustav I. Švedski (Sigismund III. Poljski)]]
| (1) [[Glismod of West-Saxony]]<br />no issue<br />(2)[[Frozza Orseolo]]<br />one issue
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno paterno:'''<br />[[Ivan III. Švedski|Ivan III. Švedski (Erik Johansson Vasa)]]
| 26 May 1055<br />[[Melk]]<br />aged about 70
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna paterna:'''<br />Cecilija Månsdotter Eka
|width=auto| '''[[Ernest, Margrave of Austria|Ernest the Brave]]'''<br />(''Ernst der Tapfere'')<br />1055–1075
| [[File:Ernst II. der Tapfere.jpg|100px]]
| c. 1027<br />son of [[Adalbert, Margrave of Austria|Adalbert]] and Frozza Orseolo
| (1) [[Adelaide of Eilenburg]]<br />1060<br />three children<br />(2) [[Swanhilde of Ungarnmark]]<br />1072<br />no issue
| 10 June 1075<br />aged about 48
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonna paterna:'''<br />[[Margherita Leijonhufvud]]
|width=auto| '''[[Leopold II, Margrave of Austria|Leopold II the Fair]]'''<br />(''Luitpold der Schöne'')<br />1075–1095
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno paterno:'''<br />Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud
| [[File:Herzog Leopold II. Babenberg.jpg|100px]]
| c. 1050<br />son of [[Ernest, Margrave of Austria|Ernest]] and Adelaide of Eilenburg
| [[Ida of Cham]]<br />1065<br />eight children
| 12 October 1095<br />aged about 45
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna paterna:'''<br />Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa
|width=auto| '''[[Leopold III, Margrave of Austria|Leopold III the Good]]'''<br />(''Luitpold der Heilige'')<br />1095–1136
| [[File:Herzog Leopold III. Babenberg.jpg|100px]]
| c. 1073<br />[[Melk]]<br />son of [[Leopold II, Margrave of Austria|Leopold II]] and [[Ida of Cham]]
| (1) [[Maria of Perg]]<br />one son<br />(2) [[Agnes of Germany]]<br />1106<br />eighteen children
| 15 November 1136<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged about 63
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Nonna paterna:'''<br />[[Cristina di Holstein-Gottorp]]
|width=auto| '''[[Adalbert II, Margrave of Austria|Adalbert II the Devout]]'''<br />(''Adalbert der Andächtige'')<br />1136-1137
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonno paterno:'''<br />[[Adolfo di Holstein-Gottorp]]
| [[File:Adalbert der Andächtige.jpg|100px]]
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno paterno:'''<br />[[Federico I di Danimarca]]
| c. 1107<br />son of [[Leopold III, Margrave of Austria|Leopold III]] and [[Agnes of Germany]]
| (1) [[Adelaide of Poland, Margravine of Austria|Adelaide of Poland]]<br />no children<br />(2) [[Hedwig of Hungary]]<br />1132<br />no children
| 9 November 1137<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged about 30
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna paterna:'''<br />Sofia di Pomerania
|width=auto| '''[[Leopold IV, Duke of Bavaria|Leopold IV the Generous]]'''<br />(''Luitpold der Freigiebige'')<br />1137–1141
| [[File:Markgraf Leopold IV. Babenberg.jpg|100px]]
| c. 1108<br />son of [[Leopold III, Margrave of Austria|Leopold III]] and [[Agnes of Germany]]
| [[Maria of Bohemia (d. aft. 1172)|Maria of Bohemia]]<br />28 September 1138<br />no issue
| 18 October 1141<br />[[Niederalteich]]<br />aged about 33
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonna paterna:'''<br />[[Cristina d'Assia]]
|width=auto| '''[[Henry II, Duke of Austria|Henry II Jasomirgott]]'''<br />(''Heinrich Jasomirgott'')<br />1141–1156
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno paterno:'''<br />[[Filippo I d'Assia]]
| [[File:Herzog Heinrich II. Babenberg.jpg|100px]]
| c. 1107<br />son of [[Leopold III, Margrave of Austria|Leopold III]] and [[Agnes of Germany]]
| (1) [[Gertrude of Süpplingenburg]]<br />1 May 1142<br />one daughter<br />(2) [[Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria|Theodora Komnene]]<br />1148<br />three children
| 13 January 1177<br />aged about 70
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna paterna:'''<br />Cristina di Sassonia
|}
==Dukes of Austria==
{{See also|Duchy of Austria}}
In 1156, the [[Privilegium Minus]] elevated the march to a [[duchy]], independent of the [[Duchy of Bavaria]].
===House of Babenberg===
{{Nobility table header}}
|width=auto| '''[[Henry II, Duke of Austria|Henry II Jasomirgott]]'''<br />(''Heinrich Jasomirgott'')<br />1156–1177
| [[File:Herzog Heinrich II. Babenberg.jpg|100px]]
| c. 1107<br />son of [[Leopold III, Margrave of Austria|Leopold III]] and [[Agnes of Germany]]
| (1) [[Gertrude of Süpplingenburg]]<br />1 May 1142<br />one daughter<br />(2) [[Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria|Theodora Komnene]]<br />1148<br />three children
| 13 January 1177<br />aged about 70
|-
| rowspan="8" align="center"| '''Madre:'''<br />[[Maria Eleonora del Brandeburgo]]
|width=auto| '''[[Leopold V, Duke of Austria|Leopold V the Virtuous]]'''<br />(''Luitpold der Tugendhafte'')<br />1177–1194
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Nonno materno:'''<br />[[Giovanni Sigismondo di Brandeburgo]]
| [[File:Herzog Leopold V. Babenberg.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Gioacchino III Federico di Brandeburgo]]
| c. 1157<br />son of [[Henry II, Duke of Austria|Henry II]] and [[Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria|Theodora Komnene]]
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Giovanni Giorgio di Brandeburgo]]
| [[Helena of Hungary, Duchess of Austria|Helena of Hungary]]<br />1174<br />four children
| 31 December 1194<br />[[Graz]]<br />aged about 37
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna materna:'''<br />[[Sofia di Liegnitz]]
|width=auto| '''[[Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg)|Frederick I the Catholic]]'''<br />(''Friedrich der Katholische'')<br />1195–1198
| [[File:Herzog Friedrich I. der Christliche.jpg|100px]]
| c. 1175<br />son of [[Leopold V, Duke of Austria|Leopold V]] and [[Helena of Hungary, Duchess of Austria|Helena of Hungary]]
| ''never married''
| 16 April 1198<br />[[The Holy Land]]<br />aged about 23
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonna materna:'''<br />Caterina di Brandeburgo-Küstrin
|width=auto| '''[[Leopold VI, Duke of Austria|Leopold VI the Glorious]]'''<br />(''Luitpold der Glorreiche'')<br />1198–1230
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Giovanni di Brandeburgo-Küstrin]]
| [[File:Herzog Leopold VI. Babenberg.jpg|100px]]
| c. 1176<br />son of [[Leopold V, Duke of Austria|Leopold V]] and [[Helena of Hungary, Duchess of Austria|Helena of Hungary]]
| [[Theodora Angelina, Duchess of Austria|Theodora Angelina]]<br />1203<br />seven children
| 28 July 1230<br />[[Cassino|San Germano]]<br />aged about 54
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna materna:'''<br />Caterina di Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
|width=auto| '''[[Frederick II, Duke of Austria|Frederick II the Quarrelsome]]'''<br />(''Friedrich der Streitbare'')<br />1230–1246
| [[File:Herzog Friedrich II. Babenberg.jpg|100px]]
| 25 April 1211<br />[[Wiener Neustadt]]<br />son of [[Leopold VI, Duke of Austria|Leopold VI]] and [[Theodora Angelina, Duchess of Austria|Theodora Angelina]]
| (1) Sophia Laskarina<br />no issue<br />(2) [[Agnes of Merania (1215–1263)|Agnes of Merania]]<br />1229<br />no issue
| 15 June 1246<br />[[Leitha]]<br />aged 35
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Nonna materna:'''<br />[[Anna di Prussia (1576-1625)|Anna di Prussia]]
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Alberto Federico di Prussia]]
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Alberto I di Prussia]]
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna materna:'''<br />Anna Maria di Brunswick-Lüneburg
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonna materna:'''<br />[[Maria Eleonora di Jülich-Kleve-Berg]]
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Guglielmo di Jülich-Kleve-Berg]]
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna materna:'''<br />[[Maria d'Austria]]
|}
===Interregnum===
[[File:Ottokar II Premysl.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Ottokar of Bohemia]]
After Frederick's death, the succession of the Duchy was disputed between various claimants, based in two main rival heiresses:
* Through '''[[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia|Margaret of Austria]]''', sister of Frederick II:
** ''Henry and Frederick of Hohenstaufen'', sons, claimants 1246/50 - c.1252?
** ''[[Ottokar II of Bohemia]]'', second husband, claimant 1251–1278
* Through '''[[Gertrude of Austria]]''', niece of Frederick II:
**''[[Vladislaus III of Moravia|Vladislas, Margrave of Moravia]]'', first husband, claimant 1246–1247
**''[[Herman VI, Margrave of Baden|Herman of Baden]]'', second husband, claimant 1248–1250
**''[[Roman Danylovich]]'', third husband, claimant 1252-1253
**''[[Frederick I, Margrave of Baden]]'', son, claimant c.1253–1268
==Dukes and Archdukes of Austria under the House of Habsburg==
{{main|House of Habsburg|Archduchy of Austria}}
In 1278, [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolf I]], [[List of German Kings and Emperors#Kings|King of Germany]], defeated Ottokar and took control of Austria. In 1282 he invested his sons with the Duchies of Austria and Styria, thereby securing it for the [[House of Habsburg]]. Austria became one of the territories that remained under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years, forming the core of the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] and the present-day country of [[Austria]].
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
! Name!!Portrait!!Born!!Reign!!Ruling part!!Consort!!Death!!Notes
|- bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolf I]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Rudolph I of Austria.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 1 May 1218<br />[[Breisgau]]<br />son of [[Albert IV, Count of Habsburg]] and [[Hedwig of Kyburg]]
|align="center"| 1278–1282
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| (1) [[Gertrude of Hohenberg]]<br />1245<br />9 children <br />(2) [[Isabella of Burgundy, Queen of Germany|Isabella of Burgundy]]<br />5 February 1284<br />no issue
|align="center"| 15 July 1291<br />[[Speyer]]<br />aged 73
| His [[imperial election of 1273|election as king of Germany]] (1273) and conquest of Austria (1278) marked the end of two periods in both countries: in Germany, the ''[[Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)|Great Interregnum]]'' after the death of the [[Hohenstaufen]] emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] in 1250; and in Austria, the Bohemian occupation that followed the succession crisis of 1246. Abdicated for his sons in 1282.
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:AlbrechtI.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| July 1255<br />[[Vienna]]<br />eldest son of [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolf I]] and [[Gertrude of Hohenberg]]
|align="center"| 1282-1308
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol]]<br />20 December 1274<br />[[Vienna]]<br />12 children
|align="center"| 1 May 1308<br />[[Windisch]]<br />aged 52
|| Co-ruled in Austria with his brother Rudolf II until the latter's abdication in 1283. He was [[Imperial election|elected as king of Germany]] in 1298, associating in this same year his eldest son in Austria. Died assassinated by his own son.
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Rudolf II, Duke of Austria|Rudolf II ''the Debonair'']]'''
| [[File:Erb.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| July 1270<br />[[Rheinfelden (Aargau)|Rheinfelden]]<br />third son of [[Rudolph I of Habsburg|Rudolph I]] and [[Gertrude of Hohenberg]]
|align="center"| 1282-1283
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Agnes of Bohemia (1269–1296)|Agnes of Bohemia]]<br />March 1289<br />[[Prague]]<br />one son
|align="center"| 10 May 1290<br />[[Prague]]<br />aged 20
|| Co-ruler of his brother.
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Rudolf I of Bohemia|Rudolf III ''the Good'']]'''
| [[File:Rudolf Stepan.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| c. 1281<br />[[Vienna]]<br />eldest son of [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]] and [[Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol]]
|align="center"| 1298-1307
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| (1) [[Blanche of France, Duchess of Austria|Blanche of France]]<br />25 May 1300<br />one daughter<br />(2) [[Elisabeth Richeza of Poland]]<br />16 October 1306 <br />no issue
|align="center"| 3/4 July 1307<br />[[Horažďovice]]<br />aged 26
|| Co-ruler with his father. He was elected [[King of Bohemia]] in 1306.
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Frederick the Fair|Frederick I/III ''the Fair'']]'''<ref>His numbering, if counted as I, reflects, not the ducal succession of the Babenbergs (being in fact the third ruler of Austria bearing this name), but of the comital Habsburgs, being the first member of the family with this name. However, it is possible that he might have adopted his German numeral III in Austria, as the next ''de facto'' rulers of Austria who bore the same name styled themselves as ''Frederick IV'' and ''Frederick V''.</ref>
|align="center"| [[File:Frederick III the Fair.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| c. 1289<br />[[Vienna]]<br />second son of [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]] and [[Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol]]
|align="center"| 1308-1330
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Germany|Isabella of Aragon]]<br />11 May 1315<br />[[Ravensburg]]<br />three children
|align="center"| 13 January 1330<br />[[Gutenstein, Austria|Gutenstein]]<br />aged 41
|| Co-ruled with his brother Leopold until the latter's death, from whom he then inherited the County of Habsburg. In 1314, he was elected [[King of the Romans]], firstly as rival of [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor]], and then accepting co-rulership.
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Leopold I, Duke of Austria|Leopold I ''the Glorious'']]'''<ref>His numbering reflects, not the ducal succession of the Babenbergs (being in fact the seventh ruler of Austria bearing this name), but of the comital Habsburgs, being the first member of the family with this name.</ref>
|align="center"| [[File:Leopold1mini.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 4 August 1290<br />[[Vienna]]<br />third son of [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]] and [[Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol]]
|align="center"| 1308-1326
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Catherine of Savoy]]<br />26 May 1315 <br />[[Basel]]<br />two daughters
|align="center"| 28 February 1326<br />[[Strassburg]]<br />aged 35
| Co-ruler with his brother in Austria and Styria. In spite of being a younger son of Albert, it was him alone who primarily inherited the County of Habsburg, the oldest land of the family.
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Albert II, Duke of Austria|Albert II ''the Wise'']]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Albert II of Habsburg.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 12 December 1298<br />[[Habsburg Castle]]<br />fourth son of [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]] and [[Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol]]
|align="center"| 1330-1358
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Joanna of Pfirt]]<br />15 February 1324<br />[[Vienna]]<br />six children
|align="center"| 16 August 1358<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 59
| Co-ruler with his brother Otto, he established the [[primogeniture]] law into their domains. He also brought [[Duke of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[Margrave of Carniola|Carniola]] into Habsburg rule and laid an unsuccessful siege to [[Zürich]].
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Otto, Duke of Austria|Otto I the Merry]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Otto, Duke of Austria.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 23 July 1301<br />[[Vienna]]<br />seventh son of [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]] and [[Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol]]
|align="center"| 1330-1339
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| (1) [[Elisabeth of Bavaria (1305–1330)|Elisabeth of Bavaria]]<br />15 May 1325<br />[[Straubing]]<br />two sons<br />(2) [[Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Austria|Anne of Bohemia]]<br />16 February 1335<br />[[Znaim]]<br />no issue
|align="center"| 17 February 1339<br />[[Neuberg an der Mürz]]<br />aged 37
| Co-ruler with his brother Albert, he administered the Swabian Habsburg lands. His minor sons, [[Frederick II of Austria (Habsburg)|Frederick (II)]] and [[Leopold II, Duke of Austria|Leopold (II)]], succeeded him in the co-rulership as titular dukes (1339-1344).
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria|Rudolf IV ''the Founder'']]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Rudolf IV.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 1 November 1339<br />[[Vienna]]<br />eldest son of [[Albert II, Duke of Austria|Albert II the Wise]] and [[Joanna of Pfirt]]
|align="center"| 1358-1365
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Catherine of Bohemia]]<br />13 July 1356<br />[[Vienna]]<br />no issue
|align="center"| 27 July 1365<br />[[Milan]]<br />aged 25
||After the unchanging of privileges for the Habsburgs in the decree of the [[Golden Bull of 1356|Golden Bull]] in 1356, Rudolf gave order to draw up the "[[Privilegium Maius]]", a fake document to empower the Austrian rulers. He was the first to style himself as ''Archduke'', title which was only made official in 1453. Rudolf also brought [[Tyrol]] into Habsburg domain.
|-
|colspan="8" align="center"| The ''[[Privilegium Maius]]'', fabricated by Rudolf in 1359, attempted to invest the Dukes of Austria with the special position of an "[[Archduke]]". This title was frequently used by [[Ernest the Iron]] and other Dukes but not recognized by other princes of the Holy Roman Empire until [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V]] became Emperor and confirmed the Privilegium in 1453.
After the death of Rudolf in 1365, his brothers Albert and Leopold succeeded him together, but divided their possessions between them in the [[Treaty of Neuberg]] of 1379:
* Albert founded the ''[[Albertinian Line]]'', who received the [[Duchy of Austria]], later called '''Lower Austria''' (not to be confused with the [[Lower Austria|namesake modern state]]);
* Leopold founded the ''[[Leopoldinian Line]]'', who received the duchies of [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]] (group of lands also called '''[[Inner Austria]]'''), the [[County of Tyrol]] and [[Further Austria]].
|-bgcolor=#bca
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Albert III, Duke of Austria|Albert III ''the Pigtail'']]'''
|rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Albrecht Dritte Habsburg1.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2" align="center"| 9 September 1349<br />[[Vienna]]<br />third son of [[Albert II, Duke of Austria|Albert II the Wise]] and [[Joanna of Pfirt]]
|align="center" bgcolor=#fff| 1365-1379
|align="center" bgcolor=#fff| [[Duchy of Austria]]
|rowspan="2" align="center"| (1) [[Elisabeth of Bohemia (1358–1373)|Elisabeth of Bohemia]]<br />after 19 March 1366<br />[[Vienna]]<br />no issue<br />(2) [[Beatrice of Nuremberg]]<br />4 March 1375<br />[[Vienna]]<br />one son
|rowspan="2" align="center"| 29 August 1395<br />[[Laxenburg]]<br />aged 45
|rowspan="2" align="center"|
|-bgcolor=#bca
|align="center"| 1379-1395
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria|Lower Austria]]
|-bgcolor=#def
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Leopold III, Duke of Austria|Leopold III ''the Just'']]'''<ref>Numbered III by including the titular duke [[Leopold II, Duke of Austria|Leopold II]] (1339-1344)</ref>
|rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Leopold III of Austria.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2" align="center"| 1 November 1351<br />[[Vienna]]<br />fourth son of [[Albert II, Duke of Austria|Albert II the Wise]] and [[Joanna of Pfirt]]
|align="center" bgcolor=#fff| 1365-1379
|align="center" bgcolor=#fff| [[Duchy of Austria]]
|rowspan="2" align="center"| [[Viridis Visconti]]<br /> 23 February 1365<br />[[Vienna]]<br />six children
|rowspan="2" align="center"| 9 July 1386<br />[[Sempach]]<br />aged 34
|rowspan="2"| Lost his life fighting in the [[Battle of Sempach]] (1386), a turning point that established the growth of the [[Swiss Confederacy]] and the effective decline of Habsburg power in their Swiss homeland.
|-bgcolor=#def
|align="center"| 1379-1386
|align="center"| [[Inner Austria]], [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]] and [[Further Austria]]
|-bgcolor=#def
|align="center"| '''[[William, Duke of Austria|William ''the Courteous'']]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Wilhelm Austria.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| c. 1370<br />[[Vienna]]<br />eldest son of [[Leopold III, Duke of Austria|Leopold the Just]] and [[Viridis Visconti]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 1386-1406
|align="center" rowspan="2"| [[Inner Austria]], [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]] and [[Further Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Joan II of Naples]]<br />13 November 1401 <br />[[Vienna]]<br />no issue
|align="center"| 15 July 1406<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 36
|| Co-ruled with his brother Leopold IV. Also held regency in Lower Austria 1404–1406.
|-bgcolor=#def
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Leopold IV, Duke of Austria|Leopold IV ''the Fat'']]'''
|rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Leopold IV.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2" align="center"| c. 1371<br />[[Vienna]]<br />second son of [[Leopold III, Duke of Austria|Leopold the Just]] and [[Viridis Visconti]]
|rowspan="2" align="center"| [[Catherine of Burgundy]]<br />15 August 1393<br />[[Vienna]]<br />no issue
|rowspan="2" align="center"| 3 June 1411<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 40
|rowspan="2"|Also held regency in Lower Austria 1404–1411. After the partition of 1406, kept Further Austria.
|-bgcolor=#def
|align="center"| 1406-1411
|align="center"| [[Further Austria]]
|-bgcolor=#bca
|align="center"| '''[[Albert IV, Duke of Austria|Albert IV ''the Patient'']]'''
|align="center"|[[File:Albrecht IV.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"|19 September 1377<br />[[Vienna]]<br />only son of [[Albert III, Duke of Austria|Albert the Pigtail]] and [[Beatrice of Nuremberg]]
|align="center"| 1395-1404
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria|Lower Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Joanna Sophia of Bavaria]]<br />24 April 1390<br />[[Vienna]]<br />two children
|align="center"|14 September 1404<br />[[Klosterneuburg]]<br />aged 26
|| His rule was marked by tensions and conflicts with the Leopoldinian line and the [[Luxemburg dynasty]].
|-bgcolor=#bca
|align="center"| '''[[Albert II of Germany|Albert V ''the Magnanimous'']]'''<br /><small>''under joint guardianship<br /> of [[William, Duke of Austria|William]] and [[Leopold IV, Duke of Austria|Leopold IV]] (1404–1411)''</small>
|align="center"| [[File:Albrecht II. von Habsburg.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 16 August 1397<br />[[Vienna]]<br />only son of [[Albert IV, Duke of Austria|Albert IV]] and [[Joanna Sophia of Bavaria]]
|align="center"| 1404-1439
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria|Lower Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Elizabeth of Luxembourg]]<br />26 April 1422<br />[[Vienna]]<br />three children
|align="center"| 27 October 1439<br />[[Neszmély]]<br />aged 42
|| Succeeded as a minor, under guardianship of his Leopoldinian uncles. He was elected, in 1437–38, as [[King of Bohemia]] and [[King of Hungary]], and also as [[King of Germany]], beginning a three centuries long succession of Habsburg rulers as [[List of German monarchs|Kings of the Romans]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s.
|-bgcolor=#def
|colspan="8" align="center"| In 1406, ater the death of William, the living brothers of the Leopoldinian Line made a new division of their territories:
* Leopold kept Further Austria, to be inherited by his brother Frederick after his death;
* Ernest founded the ''Elder Leopoldinian Line'', who received Inner Austria;
* Frederick founded the ''Junior Tyrolean Line'', who received the county of Tyrol and then Further Austria.
|- style="background: #FFB6B6;"
|align="center"| '''[[Ernest, Duke of Austria|Ernest ''the Iron'']]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Ernest the Iron.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| c. 1377<br />[[Bruck an der Mur]]<br />third son of [[Leopold III, Duke of Austria|Leopold the Just]] and [[Viridis Visconti]]
|align="center"| 1406-1424
|align="center"| [[Inner Austria]]
|align="center"| (1) [[Margaret of Pomerania]]<br />14 January 1392<br />[[Bruck an der Mur]]<br />no issue<br />(2) [[Cymburgis of Masovia]]<br />25 January 1412<br />[[Kraków]]<br />nine children
|align="center"| 10 June 1424<br />[[Bruck an der Mur]]<br />aged 47
||In 1414, he became the last Duke to be enthroned according to [[Carantania]]n traditional rite at the [[Prince's Stone]] in Carinthia, and from that time on called himself ''[[Archduke]]''. Beside Rudolf IV, he was the only one who used the title before it became official in 1453.
|-bgcolor=#ffd
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Frederick IV, Duke of Austria|Frederick IV ''of the Empty Pockets'']]'''<ref>Numbered IV by including either only the ''de facto'' duke [[Frederick the Fair]], sometimes numbered III, or by including the titular dukes [[Frederick II of Austria (Habsburg)|Frederick (II)]] (1339-1344) and [[Frederick III, Duke of Austria|Frederick (III)]] (1347–1362).</ref>
|rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Anonym Herzog Friedrich IV. von Tirol.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2" align="center"| c. 1382<br />fourth son of [[Leopold III, Duke of Austria|Leopold the Just]] and [[Viridis Visconti]]
|align="center"| 1406-1411
|align="center"| [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]]
|rowspan="2" align="center"| (1) [[Elisabeth of the Palatinate, Duchess of Austria|Elisabeth of the Palatinate]]<br />24 December 1407<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />one daughter<br />(2) [[Anna of Brunswick]]<br />11 June 1411<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />four children
|rowspan="2" align="center"| 24 June 1439<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />aged 57
|rowspan="2"| Also held regency in Inner Austria 1424–1435. By siding with [[Antipope John XXIII]], the [[Council of Constance]] stripped him of the remaining important Swiss possessions of the family, which went to the [[Swiss Confederacy]].
|-bgcolor=#ffd
|align="center"| 1411-1439
|align="center"| [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]] and [[Further Austria]]
|-
| rowspan="16" align="center"| '''Cristina di Svezia'''
|-bgcolor=#bca
| rowspan="8" align="center"| '''Padre:'''<br />[[Gustavo II Adolfo di Svezia]]
|align="center" colspan="8"|''Vacant 1439–1440''
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Nonno paterno:'''<br />[[Carlo IX di Svezia]]
|-bgcolor=#bca
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonno paterno:'''<br />[[Gustavo I di Svezia]]
|align="center"| '''[[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislaus ''the Posthumous'']]'''<br /><small>''under guardianship<br /> of [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V]] (1440–1452)''</small>
| align="center"| [[File'''Trisnonno paterno:Ladislas'''<br the/>Erik Posthumous 001.jpg|100px]]Johansson Vasa
|align="center"| 22 February 1440<br />[[Komárom]]<br />only son of [[Albert II of Germany|Albert V]] and [[Elizabeth of Luxembourg]]
|align="center"| 1440-1453<br><br>1453-1457
|align="center"| [[Duchy of Austria|Lower Austria]]<br><br>'''Archduchy of Lower Austria'''
|align="center"| ''Unmarried''
|align="center"| 23 November 1457<br />[[Prague]]<br />aged 17
|| Succeeded as a minor, under guardianship of his Ernestine cousin. His death without descendants ended the Albertinian line, and the domains he inherited in Bohemia and Hungary, which were only recovered during the reign of [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]].
|-bgcolor=#ffd
|align="center"| '''[[Sigismund, Archduke of Austria|Sigismund ''the Rich'']]'''<br /><small>''under guardianship<br /> of [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V]] (1439–1446)''</small>
|align="center"| [[File:SigismundAustria.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 26 October 1427<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />second son of [[Frederick IV, Duke of Austria|Frederick IV]] and [[Anna of Brunswick]]
|align="center"| 1439-1453<br><br>1453-1490
|align="center"| [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]] and [[Further Austria]]<br><br>'''Archduchy of Further Austria''' and County of Tyrol
|align="center"| (1) [[Eleanor of Scotland]]<br />12 February 1449<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />one son<br />(2) [[Katharina of Saxony]]<br />24 February 1484<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />no issue
|align="center"| 4 March 1496<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />aged 68
||In 1490 he abdicated of his territories, giving way for the reunification of Austria.
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna paterna:'''<br />Cecilia Månsdotter Eka
|- bgcolor=#fff
|rowspan="3" align="center"| '''[[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V ''the Peaceful'']]'''<br /><small>''under guardianship<br /> of [[Frederick IV, Duke of Austria|Frederick IV]] (1424-1435)''</small>
|rowspan="3" align="center"| [[File:Hans Burgkmair d. Ä. 005.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="3" align="center"| 21 September 1415<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />first son of [[Ernest, Duke of Austria|Ernest]] and [[Cymburgis of Masovia]]
|align="center" style="background: #FFB6B6;"| 1424-1453<br><br>1453-1457
|align="center" style="background: #FFB6B6;"| [[Inner Austria]]<br><br>'''Archduchy of Inner Austria'''
|rowspan="3" align="center"| [[Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress|Eleanor of Portugal]]<br />16 March 1452<br />Rome<br />five children
|rowspan="3" align="center"| 19 August 1493<br />[[Linz]]<br />aged 77
|rowspan="3"| Co-ruled with his brother Albert VI until the latter's death. Between 1440 and 1452 was elected as [[King of the Romans]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. With this dignity, he conceded and made official, in 1453, the Habsburg title of ''Archduke'', elevating officially the Duchy in an Archduchy, which he came to inherit a few years later. In 1490, he reunited all of Austria. His rule, however, wasn't always uncontested:
* 1485-1490: ''[[Matthias Corvinus]]'', king of Hungary, occupied the proper Duchies of Austria and Styria, claimed the title ''Archduke of Austria''.
|-bgcolor=#bca
|align="center"| 1457-1490
|align="center"| '''[[Archduchy of Austria|Archduchies of Lower and Inner Austria]]'''
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| 1490-1493
|align="center"| '''[[Archduchy of Austria]]''' and [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]]
|-bgcolor=#bca
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Albert VI, Archduke of Austria|Albert VI ''the Prodigal'']]'''<br /><small>''under guardianship<br /> of [[Frederick IV, Duke of Austria|Frederick IV]] (1424-1435)''</small>
|rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Albrecht VI. (Miniatur in Gebetbuch).jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2" align="center"| 12 September 1418<br />[[Vienna]]<br />third son of [[Ernest, Duke of Austria|Ernest]] and [[Cymburgis of Masovia]]
|align="center" style="background: #FFB6B6;"| 1424-1453<br><br>1453-1457
|align="center" style="background: #FFB6B6;"| [[Inner Austria]]<br><br>'''Archduchy of Inner Austria'''
|rowspan="2" align="center"| [[Mathilde of the Palatinate]]<br />1452<br />[[Vienna]]<br />no issue
|rowspan="2" align="center"| 2 December 1463<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 45
|rowspan="2"| Co-ruled with his brother, but occasionally revolted against him, occupying, until his death, lands known today as [[Upper Austria]] and [[Lower Austria]].
|-bgcolor=#bca
|align="center"| 1457-1463
|align="center"| '''[[Archduchy of Austria|Archduchies of Lower and Inner Austria]]'''
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I ''the Last Knight'']]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Bernhard Strigel 014.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 22 March 1459<br />[[Wiener Neustadt]]<br />second son of [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V]] and [[Eleanor of Portugal (1434–1467)|Eleanor of Portugal]]
|align="center"| 1493-1519
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| (1) [[Mary of Burgundy]]<br />18 August 1477<br />[[Ghent]]<br />three children<br />(2) [[Anne of Brittany]]<br />18 December 1490<br />[[Rennes]]<br />no issue<br />(3) [[Bianca Maria Sforza]]<br />16 March 1494<br />[[Hall in Tirol]]<br />no issue
|align="center"| 12 January 1519<br />[[Wels]]<br />aged 59
| In 1490 his father gave him Further Austria and Tyrol to rule under him, which he eventually reunited when ascended to the Austrian throne. Appointed [[King of the Romans]] in 1486 and crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1508. His first marriage allowed him to extend Habsburg domain over the [[Low Countries]].
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Jakob Seisenegger 001.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 24 February 1500<br />[[Ghent]]<br />eldest son of [[Philip I of Castile]] and [[Joanna of Castile]]
|align="center"| 1519-1521
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Isabella of Portugal]]<br />10 March 1526<br />[[Seville]]<br />seven children
|align="center"| 21 September 1558 <br />[[Yuste]]<br />aged 58
|| Grandson of his predecessor. Through his mother he gained, in 1516, the recently unified [[Kingdom of Spain]], founding a Spanish branch of the Habsburgs that came to rule until 1700. In 1519,he inherited the Austrian Archduchy, and was the first solely elected (not crowned) [[King of the Romans]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] (as Charles V). In 1521, he abdicated from Austria to his brother, but continued to rule behind him until 1556. In this year, Charles abdicated of all his possessions and retired to the [[Monastery of Yuste]].
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]'''<br /><small>''under the guardianship<br /> of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]] (1521-1556)''</small>
|align="center"| [[File:Hans Bocksberger der Aeltere 001.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 10 March 1503<br />[[Alcalá de Henares]]<br />second son of [[Philip I of Castile]] and [[Joanna of Castile]]
|align="center"| 1521-1564
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Anne of Bohemia and Hungary]]<br />25 May 1521<br />[[Linz]]<br />fifteen children
|align="center"| 25 July 1564<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 61
||Brother of the predecessor. While Charles I's son [[Philip II of Spain]] inherited the "Western" possessions (Low Countries, Spain with ultramarine lands, and Italian states), Ferdinand inherited the rest (Austrian possessions), while gaining the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia, and came to be elected [[King of the Romans]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1556, after his brother's abdication.
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonna paterna:'''<br />[[Margherita Leijonhufvud]]
|colspan="8" align="center"| In 1564, after Ferdinand I's death, the Archduchy was once more divided between his sons:
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno paterno:'''<br />Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud
* Maximilian received Austria proper, known then as ''Lower and Upper Austria'';
* Ferdinand received Tyrol and Further Austria, which after his death with no descendants passed to the elder Austrian line;
* Charles received Inner Austria (the duchies of Styria, Cartinhia and Carniola).
|-bgcolor=#bca
|align="center"| '''[[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Maxim2 zaiz.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 31 July 1527<br />[[Vienna]]<br />eldest son of [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and [[Anne of Bohemia and Hungary]]
|align="center"| 1564-1576
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria|Lower and Upper Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Maria of Spain]]<br />13 September 1548<br />[[Valladolid]]<br />sixteen children
|align="center"| 12 October 1576<br />[[Regensburg]]<br />aged 49
|| Maximilian, as the eldest son, was elected [[King of the Romans]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1564, and inherited also the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia.
|-bgcolor=#ffd
|align="center"| '''[[Ferdinand II of Austria|Ferdinand II]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Francesco Terzio 002.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 14 June 1529<br />[[Linz]]<br />second son of [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and [[Anne of Bohemia and Hungary]]
|align="center"|1564-1595
|align="center"| [[Further Austria]] and [[County of Tyrol]]
|align="center"| (1) ''[[Philippine Welser]]''<br />ca. 1576<br />four children<br />(2) [[Anne Juliana Gonzaga]]<br />14 May 1582<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />three daughters
|align="center"| 24 January 1595<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />aged 65
|| Had descendants, but from his morganatic marriage, making them unsuitable for succession; his lands were eventually inherited by the senior Austrian line.
|-style="background: #FFB6B6;"
|align="center"| '''[[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|Charles II]]'''<ref>
In German Articles and Books these Archdukes' names and titles are normally completed with the territorial names of their Duchy as:
"Charles II of Inner Austria" = "''Karl der II. von Inner Österreich''"</ref>
|align="center"| [[File:Anonym Erzherzog Karl II.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 3 June 1540<br />[[Vienna]]<br />fourth son of [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and [[Anne of Bohemia and Hungary]]
|align="center"| 1564-1590
|align="center"| [[Inner Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]<br />26 August 1571<br />[[Vienna]]<br />fifteen children
|align="center"| 10 July 1590<br />[[Graz]]<br />aged 50
|| Unlike his brother Maximilian, Charles was [[Catholic]] and promoted the [[Counter-Reformation]] in his domains.
|-bgcolor=#bca
|align="center"| '''[[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf V]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Hans von Aachen 003.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 18 July 1552<br />[[Vienna]]<br />second son of [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]] and [[Maria of Spain]]
|align="center"| 1576-1608
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria|Lower and Upper Austria]]
|align="center"| ''Unmarried''
|align="center"| 20 January 1612<br />[[Prague]]<br />aged 59
|| Also [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and King of Bohemia and Hungary. Rudolf is seen as an ineffectual ruler whose mistakes led directly to the [[Thirty Years' War]]; as a great and influential patron of [[Northern Mannerist]] art; and an intellectual devotee of occult arts and learning which helped seed what would be called the [[scientific revolution]].
|-bgcolor=#bca
|align="center" rowspan="2"| '''[[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]]'''
|align="center" rowspan="2"| [[File:Lucas van Valckenborch 003.jpg|100px]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 24 February 1557<br />[[Vienna]]<br />fourth son of [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]] and [[Maria of Spain]]
|align="center" bgcolor=#ffd| 1595-1608
|align="center" bgcolor=#ffd| [[Further Austria]] and [[County of Tyrol]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"| [[Anna of Tyrol]]<br />4 December 1611<br />[[Vienna]]<br />no issue
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 20 March 1619<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 62
|rowspan="2"| Also [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and King of Bohemia and Hungary.
|-bgcolor=#bca
|align="center"| 1608-1612<br><br><br>1612-1618<br><br><br>1618-1619
|align="center"| [[Further Austria]],[[County of Tyrol]] and [[Archduchy of Austria|Lower and Upper Austria]]<br><br>[[Archduchy of Austria|Lower and Upper Austria]] and [[County of Tyrol]]<br><br>[[Further Austria]], [[County of Tyrol]] and [[Archduchy of Austria|Lower and Upper Austria]]
|-bgcolor=#ffd
|align="center"| '''[[Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria|Maximilian III]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Henseiller Maximilian III of Austria.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 12 October 1558<br />[[Vienna]]<br />sixth son of [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]] and [[Maria of Spain]]
|align="center"| 1612-1618
|align="center"| [[Further Austria]]
|align="center"| ''Unmarried''
|align="center"| 2 November 1618<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 60
|| In 1587 stood as a candidate to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. He also held regency of the Lower and Upper Austria 1593–1595.
|-bgcolor=#bca
|align="center"| '''[[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert VII]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Rubens - arquiduquealbertoVII01.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 13 November 1559<br />[[Wiener Neustadt]]<br />fifth son of [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]] and [[Maria of Spain]]
|align="center"| 1619
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria|Lower and Upper Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain]]<br />18 April 1599<br />[[Valencia]]<br />no children
|align="center"| 13 July 1621<br />[[Brussels]]<br />aged 61
|| Also [[Viceroy of Portugal]] under [[Philip II of Spain]], and ruler of the [[Low Countries]] (1598-1621). Ruled a few months as Archduke, before abdicating. By this he made possible a new reunion of Austria.
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna paterna:'''<br />Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa
|colspan="8" align="center"| In 1619, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand III of Austria) reunited the Archduchy, but, as consequence of the [[Thirty Years' War]], he felt the need to divide the land once more:
* Ferdinand kept Lower and Inner Austria;
* Leopold, Ferdinand's brother, received Upper Austria (with Further Austria and Tyrol).
|-bgcolor=#fff
|rowspan="3" align="center"| '''[[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]'''<br /><small>''under regency<br /> of [[Archduke Ernest of Austria|Ernest of Austria]]<br /> (1590–1593)<br /> of [[Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria|Maximilian III]]<br /> (1593–1595)''</small>
|rowspan="3" align="center"| [[File:Kaiser Ferdinand II. 1614.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="3" align="center"| 9 July 1578<br />[[Graz]]<br />second son of [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|Charles II]] and [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]
|align="center" style="background: #FFB6B6;"| 1590-1619
|align="center" style="background: #FFB6B6;"| [[Inner Austria]]
|rowspan="3" align="center"| (1) [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574–1616)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]<br />23 April 1600<br />[[Graz]]<br />seven children<br />(2) [[Eleonor Gonzaga (1598–1655)|Eleonor Gonzaga]]<br />2 February 1622<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />no issue
|rowspan="3" align="center"| 15 February 1637<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 58
|rowspan="3"| Also [[Holy Roman Emperor]] (1619-1637), and King of Hungary and Bohemia. In 1619 he reunited Austria, but divided it again.
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| 1619-1623
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria]]
|-style="background: #FFB6B6;"
|align="center"| 1623-1637
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria|Lower Austria]] and [[Inner Austria]]
|-bgcolor=#ffd
|align="center"| '''[[Leopold V, Archduke of Austria|Leopold V]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Joseph Heintz d. Ä. 007.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 9 October 1586<br />[[Graz]]<br />fifth son of [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|Charles II]] and [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]
|align="center"| 1623-1632
|align="center"| [[Upper Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Claudia de' Medici]]<br />19 April 1626<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />five children
|align="center"| 13 September 1632 <br />[[Schwaz]]<br />aged 45
|| When he was chosen as Archduke regnant, he abdicated his ecclesiasical status (held the [[Bishopric of Passau|Bishoprics of Passau]] and [[Bishopric of Strasbourg|Strasbourg]]) to get married and have children.
|-bgcolor=#ffd
|align="center"| '''[[Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria|Ferdinand Charles]]'''<br /><small>''under regency<br /> of [[Claudia de' Medici]]<br /> (1632-1646)
|align="center"| [[File:Frans Luycx - Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 17 May 1628<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />eldest son of [[Leopold V, Archduke of Austria|Leopold V]] and [[Claudia de' Medici]]
|align="center"| 1632-1662
|align="center"| [[Upper Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Anna de' Medici, Archduchess of Austria|Anna de' Medici]]<br />10 June 1646<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />two daughters
|align="center"| 30 December 1662<br />[[Kaltern]]<br />aged 34
||
|-style="background: #FFB6B6;"
|align="center"| '''[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand IV]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Frans Luycx 002.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 13 July 1608<br />[[Graz]]<br />third son of [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]] and [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574–1616)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]
|align="center"| 1637-1657
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria|Lower Austria]] and [[Inner Austria]]
|align="center"| (1) [[Maria Anna of Spain]]<br />20 February 1631<br />[[Vienna]]<br />six children<br />(2) [[Maria Leopoldine of Austria]]<br />2 July 1648<br />[[Linz]]<br />one son<br />(3) [[Eleonora Gonzaga (1630–1686)|Eleonora Gonzaga]]<br />30 April 1651<br />[[Wiener Neustadt]]<br />four children
|align="center"| 2 April 1657<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 48
|| Also [[Holy Roman Emperor]] (1637-1657), and King of Hungary and Bohemia.
|-bgcolor=#ffd
|align="center"| '''[[Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria|Sigismund Francis]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Giovanni Maria Morandi 002.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 27 November 1630<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />second son of [[Leopold V, Archduke of Austria|Leopold V]] and [[Claudia de' Medici]]
|align="center"| 1662-1665
|align="center"| [[Upper Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Countess Palatine Hedwig of Sulzbach|Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach]]<br />13 June 1665 <br />[[Amberg-Sulzbach|Sulzbach]]<br />no issue
|align="center"| 25 June 1665<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />aged 34
|| Brother of the predecessor. After his death, his territories reverted to the elder line.
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center" rowspan="2"| '''[[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold VI]]'''
|align="center" rowspan="2"| [[File:Benjamin von Block 001.jpg|100px]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"|9 June 1640<br />[[Vienna]]<br />fourth son of [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand IV]] and [[Maria Anna of Spain]]
|align="center" style="background: #FFB6B6;"| 1657-1665
|align="center" style="background: #FFB6B6;"| [[Lower Austria]] and [[Inner Austria]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"| (1) [[Margaret Theresa of Spain]]<br />12 December 1666<br />[[Vienna]]<br />four children<br />(2) [[Claudia Felicitas of Austria]]<br />15 October 1673<br />[[Graz]]<br />two daughters<br />(3) [[Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg]]<br />14 December 1676 <br />[[Passau]]<br />eleven children
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 5 May 1705<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 64
|rowspan="2"| Also [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and King of Bohemia and Hungary. In 1665, he unified Austria once more.
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| 1665-1705
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria]]
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:JosephI.1705.JPG|100px]]
|align="center"| 26 July 1678<br />[[Vienna]]<br />eldest son of [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold VI]] and [[Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg]]
|align="center"| 1705-1711
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick]]<br />10 June 1646<br />[[Vienna]]<br />three children
|align="center"| 17 April 1711<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 32
|| Also [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and King of Bohemia and Hungary.
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles III]]'''
|align="center"| [[File:Martin van Meytens (attrib.) - Porträt Kaiser Karl VI.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 1 October 1685<br />[[Vienna]]<br />second son of [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold VI]] and [[Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg]]
|align="center"| 1711-1740
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria]]
|align="center"| [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]<br />1 August 1708<br />[[Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona]]<br />five children
|align="center"| 20 October 1740<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 55
|| Also [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and King of Bohemia and Hungary. In 1700, he claimed the [[Kingdom of Spain]] in the [[War of Spanish Succession]] (1700-1713).
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]]'''<br /><small>''with [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I Stephen]] (1740–1765)<br />[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] (1765–1780)''</small>
|align="center"| [[File:Andreas Moeller - Erzherzogin Maria Theresia - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 13 May 1717<br />[[Hofburg Imperial Palace]]<br />eldest daughter of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles III]] and [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
|align="center"| 1740-1780
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 12 February 1736<br />[[Vienna]]<br />[[Children of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa of Austria|Sixteen Children]]
|align="center"| 29 November 1780<br />[[Hofburg Imperial Palace]]<br />aged 63
|| Also Queen of Bohemia and Hungary.
|-bgcolor=#fff
|align="center"| '''[[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I Stephen]]'''<br /><small>''with [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] (1740–1765)''</small>
|align="center"| [[File:Martin van Meytens 006.jpg|100px]]
|align="center"| 8 December 1708<br />[[Nancy, France|Nancy]]<br />fourth son of [[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine]] and [[Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans]]
|align="center"| 1740-1765
|align="center"| [[Archduchy of Austria]]
|align="center"|18 August 1765<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />aged 56
|| Also [[Holy Roman Emperor]] (1740-1765). Exchanged his original [[Duchy of Lorraine]] for the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] (1737).
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Nonna paterna:'''<br />[[Cristina di Holstein-Gottorp]]
|}
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonno paterno:'''<br />[[Adolfo di Holstein-Gottorp]]
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno paterno:'''<br />[[Federico I di Danimarca]]
===House of Habsburg-Lorraine===
The Austrian agnatic branch ended in 1780 with the death of Maria Theresa of Austria and was replaced by a combination of the Austrian cognatic branch of the Habsburgs and the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine in the person of her son Joseph II. The new successor house styled itself as Habsburg-Lorraine (''Habsburg-Lothringen''). All Habsburgs living today are in the agnatic descendants of Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen.
{{Nobility table header}}
|width=auto| '''[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]'''<br />1765–1790<br /><small>''with [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] (1765–1780)''</small>
| [[File:Carl von Sales Bildnis Joseph II posthum 1823.jpg|100px]]
| 13 March 1741<br />[[Vienna]]<br />eldest son of [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I Stephen]] and [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]]
| (1) [[Isabella of Parma]]<br />6 October 1760<br />[[Vienna]]<br />two daughters<br />(2) [[Maria Josepha of Bavaria]]<br />23 January 1765<br />[[Schönbrunn Palace|Schönbrunn]]<br />no issue
| 20 February 1790<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 48
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna paterna:'''<br />Sofia di Pomerania
|width=auto| '''[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold VII]]'''<br />1790–1792
| [[File:Mengs, Anton Raphael - Pietro Leopoldo d'Asburgo Lorena, granduca di Toscana - 1770 - Prado.jpg|100px]]
| 5 May 1747 <br />[[Vienna]]<br />third son of [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]] and [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]]
| [[Maria Luisa of Spain]]<br />16 February 1764<br />[[Innsbruck]]<br />sixteen children
| 1 March 1792 <br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 44
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonna paterna:'''<br />[[Cristina d'Assia]]
|width=auto| '''[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]]'''<br />1792–1804
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno paterno:'''<br />[[Filippo I d'Assia]]
| [[File:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor at age 25, 1792.png|100px]]
| 12 February 1768<br />[[Florence]]<br />eldest son of [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold VII]] and [[Maria Luisa of Spain]]
| (1) [[Elisabeth of Württemberg]]<br />6 January 1788<br />[[Vienna]]<br />one daughter<br />(2) [[Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily]]<br />15 September 1790<br />[[Vienna]]<br />12 children<br />(3) [[Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este]]<br />6 January 1808<br />[[Vienna]]<br />no issue<br />(4) [[Caroline Augusta of Bavaria]]<br />29 October 1816<br />[[Vienna]]<br />no issue
| 2 March 1835<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 67
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna paterna:'''<br />Cristina di Sassonia
|}
==Emperors of Austria==
{{See also|Austrian Empire|Austria-Hungary}}
In 1804 Francis I adopted the new title [[Emperor of Austria]], but kept the title of Archduke of Austria. In 1806 the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was dissolved.
{{Nobility table header}}
|width=auto| '''[[Francis I of Austria|Francis I]]'''<br />11 August 1804 – 2 March 1835
| [[File:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor by Friedrich von Amerling 003.jpg|100px]]
| 12 February 1768<br />[[Florence]]<br />eldest son of [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold VII]] and [[Maria Luisa of Spain]]
| (1) [[Elisabeth of Württemberg]]<br />6 January 1788<br />[[Vienna]]<br />one daughter<br />(2) [[Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily]]<br />15 September 1790<br />[[Vienna]]<br />12 children<br />(3) [[Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este]]<br />6 January 1808<br />[[Vienna]]<br />no issue<br />(4) [[Caroline Augusta of Bavaria]]<br />29 October 1816<br />[[Vienna]]<br />no issue
| 2 March 1835<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 67
|-
| rowspan="8" align="center"| '''Madre:'''<br />[[Maria Eleonora del Brandeburgo]]
|width=auto| '''[[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I]]'''<br />2 March 1835 – 2 December 1848
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Nonno materno:'''<br />[[Giovanni Sigismondo di Brandeburgo]]
| [[File:Ferdinand I; Keizer van Oostenrijk.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Gioacchino III Federico di Brandeburgo]]
| 19 April 1793<br />[[Vienna]]<br />eldest son of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]] and [[Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily]]
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Giovanni Giorgio di Brandeburgo]]
| [[Maria Anna of Savoy]]<br />27 February 1831 <br />[[Vienna]]<br />no issue
| 29 June 1875<br />[[Prague]]<br />aged 82
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna materna:'''<br />[[Sofia di Liegnitz]]
|width=auto| '''[[Francis Joseph I of Austria|Francis Joseph I]]'''<br />2 December 1848 – 21 November 1916
| [[File:Franz Joseph of Austria 1910 old.jpg|100px]]
| 18 August 1830<br />[[Schönbrunn Palace]]<br />eldest son of [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria]] and [[Princess Sophie of Bavaria]]
| [[Elisabeth of Bavaria]]<br />24 April 1854<br />[[Augustinian Church, Vienna|Augustinerkirche]]<br />four children
| 21 November 1916<br />[[Schönbrunn Palace]]<br />aged 86
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonna materna:'''<br />Caterina di Brandeburgo-Küstrin
|width=auto| '''[[Charles I of Austria|Charles I]]'''<br />21 November 1916 – 11 November 1918
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Giovanni di Brandeburgo-Küstrin]]
| [[File:Charles I of Austria.jpg|100px]]
| 17 August 1887<br />[[Persenbeug-Gottsdorf]]<br />eldest son of [[Archduke Otto Francis of Austria]] and [[Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1867–1944)|Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony]]
| [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma]]<br />21 October 1911<br />Schwarzau Castle<br />eight children
| 1 April 1922<br />[[Madeira]]<br />aged 34
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna materna:'''<br />Caterina di Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Nonna materna:'''<br />[[Anna di Prussia (1576-1625)|Anna di Prussia]]
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Alberto Federico di Prussia]]
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Alberto I di Prussia]]
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna materna:'''<br />Anna Maria di Brunswick-Lüneburg
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Bisnonna materna:'''<br />[[Maria Eleonora di Jülich-Kleve-Berg]]
| align="center"| '''Trisnonno materno:'''<br />[[Guglielmo di Jülich-Kleve-Berg]]
|-
| align="center"| '''Trisnonna materna:'''<br />[[Maria d'Austria]]
|}
{{reli-bio-stub}}
==Republic of Austria==
{{See also|Republic of German-Austria|First Austrian Republic|Habsburg Law}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
In 1918, following the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the [[First Austrian Republic|Republic of Austria]] was established, but ended with "[[Anschluß]]" into the Third Reich from 1938 to 1945. Following World War II, the current [[Austria|Republic of Austria]] was established in 1945, even though Austria remained under the control and protection of Allied and Soviet Forces between 1945 and 1955.
The current head of state is the [[President of Austria]]; however, in practice, the [[Chancellor of Austria]] is more important. Every law still needs to be signed by the President however.
[[Otto von Habsburg]] (1912–2011), son of Charles I, was the head of the Habsburg house from 1922, but never reigned. In 2007 he handed the headship to his oldest son [[Karl von Habsburg]] who was first in the line of succession. He is the current head of the imperial family.
==See also==
* [[Austrian nobility]]
* [[History of Austria]]
* [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]]
* [[List of Austrian consorts]]
* [[List of heirs to the Austrian throne]]
* [[List of Federal Presidents of Austria]]
* [[List of Chancellors of Austria]]
== Nadaljnje branje ==
== References ==
{{reflistReflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{Rulers of Austria}}
* {{cite book
| last = Åkerman
| first = S.
| title = Queen Christina of Sweden and her circle : the transformation of a seventeenth century philosophical libertine
| location = New York
| publisher = E.J. Brill
| year = 1991
| isbn = 978-90-04-09310-2
}}
* {{cite book
| last = [[Veronica Buckley|Buckley, Veronica]]
| title = Christina; Queen of Sweden
| location = London
| publisher = Harper Perennial
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-1-84115-736-8
}}
* Clarke, Martin Lowther (1978) "The Making of a Queen: The Education of Christina of Sweden." In: ''History Today,'' Volume 28 Issue 4, April 1978
* {{cite book
| last = Essen-Möller
| first = E.
| title = Drottning Christina. En människostudieur läkaresynpunkt
| location = Lund
| publisher = C.W.K. Gleerup
| year = 1937
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Goldsmith
| first = Margaret L.
| title = Christina of Sweden; a psychological biography
| location = London
| publisher = A. Barker Ltd
| year = 1935
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Granlund| first=Lis|editor-first=Clarissa | editor-last=Campbell Orr |encyclopedia=Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |pages=56–76 |title=Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Sweden: Dowager, Builder, and Collector |isbn=978-0-521-81422-5}}
*Grate, Pontus, "Vasa, House of. (5) Christina, Queen of Sweden" Grove Art Online. [[Oxford Art Online]]. Oxford University Press, accessed July 22, 2017, [http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T088005pg5. subscription required]
* {{cite book
| last = Hjortsjö
| first = Carl-Herman
| title = The Opening of Queen Christina's Sarcophagus in Rome
| location = Stockholm
| publisher = Norstedts
| year = 1966
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Hjortsjö
| first = Carl-Herman
| title = Queen Christina of Sweden: A medical/anthropological investigation of her remains in Rome (Acta Universitatis Lundensis)
| location = Lund
| publisher = C.W.K. Gleerup
| year = 1966
}}
* Jonsson, L. Ann-Marie Nilsson & Greger Andersson (1994) ''Musiken i Sverige. Från forntiden till stormaktstidens slut 1720'' ("Music in Sweden. From Antiquity to the end of the Great power era 1720") {{Sv icon}}
* Löfgren, Lars (2003) ''Svensk teater'' (Swedish Theatre) {{Sv icon}}
* {{cite book
| last = Mender
| first = Mona
| title = Extraordinary women in support of music
| location = Lanham, Maryland
| publisher = Scarecrow Press
| pages = 29–35
| year = 1997
| isbn = 978-0-8108-3278-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last = [[Carolyn Meyer|Meyer]]
| first = Carolyn
| title = Kristina, the Girl King: Sweden, 1638
| year = 2003
}}
*[[Nicholas Penny|Penny, Nicholas]], National Gallery Catalogues (new series): ''The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings, Volume II, Venice 1540-1600'', 2008, National Gallery Publications Ltd, {{ISBN|1857099133}}
* {{cite book
| last = Platen
| first = Magnus von
| title = Christina of Sweden: Documents and Studies
| location = Stockholm
| publisher = National Museum
| year = 1966}}
* {{cite book
| author-link = Sven Stolpe
| last = Stolpe
| first = Sven
| title = Drottning Kristina
| location = Stockholm
| publisher = Aldus/Bonnier
| year = 1996}}
* Torrione, Margarita (2011), ''Alejandro, genio ardiente. El manuscrito de Cristina de Suecia sobre la vida y hechos de Alejandro Magno'', Madrid, Editorial Antonio Machado (212 p., color ill.) {{ISBN|978-84-7774-257-9}}.
*[[Hugh Trevor-Roper|Trevor-Roper, Hugh]]; ''Princes and Artists, Patronage and Ideology at Four Habsburg Courts 1517-1633'', Thames & Hudson, London, 1976
* Turner, Nicholas, ''Federico Barocci'', 2000, Vilo
*[[Peter Watson (intellectual historian)|Watson, Peter]]; ''Wisdom and Strength, the Biography of a Renaissance Masterpiece'', Hutchinson, 1990, {{ISBN|009174637X}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Christina of Sweden|volume=6|pages=291–292}}
== Zunanje povezave ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rulers of Austria}}
<!--[[File:Vatican 6 20101103.JPG|thumb|left|Christina's sarcophagus in the extensive papal crypt at the Vatican.]]-->
[[Category:Rulers of Austria|*]]
{{Commons category|Christina of Sweden}}
[[Category:Austria history-related lists]]
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Christina (Sweden)|Christina, Queen of Sweden}}
[[Category:Lists of European rulers|Austria]]
*{{cite IEP |url-id=wasa |title=Kristina Wasa}}
* [http://queenchristina.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/QC-Master-plan-1412.pdf Project presentation Queen Christina of Sweden, the European]
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115660/Christina Encyclopædia Britannica]
* {{cite web
| url = http://womenshistory.about.com/od/rulerspre20th/p/queen_christina.htm
| title = Queen Christina of Sweden
| work = About: Women's History
| accessdate = 2007-01-20
}}
* [http://www.numismatas.com/Forum/Pdf/David%20Ruckser/Coins%20of%20Sweden.pdf Coins of Sweden by David Ruckser]
* [http://www.windweaver.com/christina/christina.htm Queen Christina of Sweden] Windweaver
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Christina (Sweden)|display=Christina, queen of Sweden |short=x}}
[[it:Sovrani d'Austria]]
= Monaldi & Sorti - peskovnik 5 =
[[Kategorija:Italijanska književnost]]
= Blaž Hofler - peskovnik 4 =
{{v delu}}
{{infopolje Umetnik
| name = Blaž Höfel
| birthname = Blasius Höfel
| birthdate = {{birth date|df=yes|1792|5|27}}
| location = [[Dunaj]] ([[Avstrijsko cesarstvo]])
| deathdate = {{death date and age|df=yes|1863|9|17|1792|5|27}}
| deathplace = [[Aigen (Salzburg) |Aigen pri Solnogradu]] (danes [[(Salzburg)|solnograška]] mestna četrt); [[Avstrijsko cesarstvo]]
| nationality = {{ikonazastave|Avstrijsko cesarstvo}} [[Avstrijci|avstrijska]]
| field = [[slikarstvo]], [[rezbarstvo]], (bakrorez, lesorez, izumil novo tehniko ''jedkanja''); [[izumitelj]], [[pedagog]]
| training = [[Akademija za likovno umetnost na Dunaju]] <ref> ( Akademija za likovno umetnost na Dunaju - ''Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien'' s Hubertom Maurerjem (1818) kot profesorjem</ref>
| movement = [[romantika]]
| famous works = ''Ludwig van Beethoven'' (1814)<br />''Papež Pij IX.'' (1847)
| patrons = oče
| awards =
}}
[[File: Theodor Höfel-Blasius Höfel-uncle.jpg|thumb|180px|right|<center>[[ Teodor Höfel]]: ''Moj stric Blaž Höfel'' ([[1853]]) ]]</center>
'''Blaž Höfel''' (rojen kot '''Blasius Höfel'''; * [[27. maj]] [[1792]] [[Dunaj]]; † [[17. september]] [[1863]] [[Aigen (Salzburg)|Aigen pri Solnogradu]] - danes del [[Salzburg|Solnograda]]) je bil [[Avstrijsko cesarstvo|avstrijski]] [[rezbarstvo|rezbar]], [[pedagog]] in [[izumitelj]].
== Življenjepis ==
[[File:Beethoven Letronne.jpg|thumb|right|180px|<center><small> [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] narisal [[Blaž Höfel]] po [[Louis Letronne|Letronnovi]] risbi; barvna jedkanica [[1814]] ]]
[[File:Novice_1847 Blaž Höfel-Pij_IX.-podoba.jpg|thumb|right|180px|<center>[[Blaž Höfel]]: [[Papež Pij IX.|Pij IX.]] <br><small>[[Kmetijske in rokodelske novice]] [[1847]] ]]</center></small>
Blaž se je rodil na Dunaju 27. maja 1792. Študiral je risanje in slikanje od 1805 na [[Akademija za likovno umetnost na Dunaju|Akademiji za likovno umetnost na Dunaju]] <ref>''Akademija za likovno umetnost na Dunaju'' ({{lang-de|Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien}}; ustanovljena 1692</ref>
pri [[Hubert Maurer|Hubertu Maurerju]] (1738-1818).
Od 1807 se je posvetil zlasti [[bakroreštvo |bakroreštvu]] (izdelovanju bakrorezov). Njegovo najznamenitejše delo je portret [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethovna]], s katerim se je tudi osebno poznal. Höflov bakrorez je izdelala založniška družba [[Artaria]] 1814 na temelju risbe {{Ill|Louis-René Letronne|fr}}.<ref>Vgl. [[Klaus Martin Kopitz]], [[Rainer Cadenbach]] (ed.) among others: ''Beethoven aus der Sicht seiner Zeitgenossen in Tagebüchern, Briefen, Gedichten und Erinnerungen.'' volume 1: ''Adamberger – Kuffner.'' Edited by the Beethoven-Forschungsstelle an der Universität der Künste Berlin. Henle, Munich 2009, {{ISBN|978-3-87328-120-2}}, {{pp.|455–458}}.</ref>
Od 1820 do 1837 je predaval risanje na ''Vojaški akademiji v [[Dunajsko Novo mesto | Dunajskem Novem mestu]].
Na študijskem izletu v Nemčijo se je srečal z {{Ill|Friedrich Wilhelm Gubitz|de}}-om; odtlej se je ukvarjal z različnimi načini [[lesorez]]ov. Okrog 1840 je izumil [[jedkanje]].
== Smrt in spomin ==
Höfel je umrl v [[Aigen (Salzburg)|Aigenu]] pri [[Salzburg|Solnogradu]] star 71 let.
== Nadaljnje branje ==
;{{ikona de}}
* [[Constantin von Wurzbach]]: [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/BLK%C3%96:H%C3%B6fel,_Blasius Höfel, Blasius]; v: ''[[Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich]]'' IX. del. Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1863, {{pp.|93|97}} [http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=11812&page=101&scale=3.33&viewmode=fullscreen Höfel, Blasius] Online
* Josef Wünsch: ''Blasius Höfel. Geschichte seines Lebens und seiner Kunst und Verzeichnis seiner Werke'', Gesellschaft für vervielfältigende Kunst, Wien 1910 ([http://www.archive.org/details/blasiushfelges00wnuoft Online-Version])
* {{ÖBL|2|349|350|Höfel Blasius|}}
== Sklici ==
{{sklici|2}}
== Glej tudi ==
* [[seznam avstrijskih slikarjev]]
* [[seznam avstrijskih pedagogov]]
== Zunanje povezave ==
;{{ikona sl}}
{{Commonscat}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hofel, Blasius}}
{{normativna kontrola}}
{{reli-bio-stub}}
[[Kategorija:Avstrijski bakrorezci]]
[[Kategorija:Umetniki z Dunaja]]
[[Kategorija:Rojeni leta 1792]]
[[Kategorija:Umrli leta 1863]]
= ''Martinitz'' peskovnik =
{{v delu}}
{{Infopolje Vojaška oseba
|name= Georg Adam von Martinitz
|lived= [[1645]] - [[24. julij]] [[1714]]
|image= [[File:Georg Adam von Martinitz viceroy of Naples.jpg|thumb|Georg Adam von Martinitz]]
|caption=Georg Adam von Martinitz - [[Neapeljsko kraljestvo|Neapeljski]] [[kralj|podkralj]]
|nickname=
|placeofbirth=
|placeofdeath= [[Praga]]
|allegiance=
|branch=
|serviceyears=
|rank=
|unit=
|commands=
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''' Georg Adam von Martinitz ''' ({{jezik-cs|Jiří Adam Ignác z Martinic}}), [[Avstrija|avstrijski]] vojskovodja iz [[Češka|češke]] veje [[plemič]]ev z [[Martinice|Martinic]], * [[1445]], [[Češka]], [[Avstrija]]† [[24. julij]] [[1714]] [[Praga]].
== Življenjepis ==
[[File:Georg Adam von Martinitz.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Pečat tajnega cesarskega sveta v Pragi]]
Georg Adam von Martinitz je bil češko-avstrijski plemič. Bil je diplomat v službi [[Habsburška monarhija|Habsburške monarhije]]. Najvišjo stopnjo v politični karieri je dosegel kot podkralj v [[Neapeljsko kraljestvo|Neapeljskem kraljestvu]].
=== Družina ===
Izhaja iz češke plemiške rodbine [[Martinic]]. Njegov oče je bil ''Maximilian Valentin'', mati pa ''Anna Katharina (roj. Bukůvka von Janovic)''. Poročil se je prvič 1679 z ''Maria Felicitas Gräfin von Spaur'' in drugič z ''Maria Josepha Gräfin von Sternberg''. Iz teh dveh zakonov je imel pet sinov in šest hčerk.
=== Napredovanje ===
Do 1670 je študiral [[pravo]] v Pragi; študije je nato nadaljeval v [[Siena|Sieni]]. V lasti je imel posestvo [[Plánice]], ki ga je spremenil v vojaško izdelovalnico gosli (Fideikommiß). 1685 je k temu pridobil še imetje [[Smečno]] in [[Slaný]].
Martinitz je kot diplomat zasledoval cilje avstrijske Habsburške hiše. Najprej je bil odposlanec v Angliji in na Portugalskem. Zaradi grozečega ''Drugega turškega obleganja Dunaja'' 1682 je bil poslan v nadškofijo Solnograd in številne italijanske državice, med drugim tudi v [[Papeška država |Papeško državo]], da bi pridobil potrebna denarna sredstva za obrambo; to nalogo je uspešno opravil.
Med 1696 in 1700 je deloval za cesarico [[Eleonore Magdalene von der Pfalz|Eleonore]] pri [[papež Inocenc XII. |papežu Inocencu XII.]] Pri tem se je zavzemal za cesarske pravice nasproti papežu in cesarskim vazalom v Cesarski severni Italiji. Posebej je zagovarjal cesarsko pravico do azila, ki se ni nanašala le na rimsko veleposlaništvo, ampak tudi na celo rimsko četrt. Ni skrival, da mu ne ugaja papeževa naklonjenost Franciji.<ref>Riforme, religione e politica durante il pontificato di I. XII (1691-1700) str. 336, a cura di B. Pellegrino, Lecce 1994</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-innocenzo-xii_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |title= Innocenzo XII, papa di Renata Ago |publisher= Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 62|date=2004|accessdate=22. oktober 2019}}</ref>
To je privedlo končno do diplomatovega odpoklica.<ref>[[Joseph Hergenröther]]: ''Handbuch der allgemeinen Kirchengeschichte.'' Band 3. Neu bearbeitet von [[Johann Peter Kirsch]]. 3., verbesserte Auflage. Herder, Freiburg (Breisgau) 1886, S. 417.</ref>
V [[Rim]]u je stopil v stik s stavbenikom [[Carlo Fontana|Fontanom]] (1634-1714), ki je napravil zanj načrt za palačo v Pragi med 1700 in 1705 v tem mestu nepoznanem klasicističnem slogu.
Na Dunaju je postal poveljnik ''cesarske garde'' (''Arcièren-Leibgarde''). Postal je tudi zaupnik in poročevalec, od 1703 pa tudi ''vrhovni dvorni maršal (Obersthofmarschall)''. Sprejet je bil tudi v ''[[Red zlatega runa]]'' ''(Orden vom Goldenen Vlies)''.
Po zmagaj avstrijskih zaveznikov v ''španski nasledstveni vojni'' na italijanskih tleh je postal prvi cesarski podkralj v [[Neapeljsko kraljestvo|Neapeljskem kraljestvu]]. Pod vojaškim vodstvom krdel feldmaršala [[Wirich Philipp von und zu Daun|Dauna]] je prišel po osvojitvi [[Capua|Capue]] 3. julija 1707 v [[Neapelj]]. Že decembra istega leta pa je bil odpoklican<ref>[[Alfred von Arneth]]: ''Prinz Eugen von Savoyen. Nach den handschriftlichen Quellen der kaiserlichen Archive.'' Band 2: ''1708–1718.'' Typographisch-literarisch-artistische Anstalt, Wien 1858, S. 97.</ref>
Na njegovo kratkotrajno bivanje v Neaplju spominja napis v Redemptoristovski cerkvi v Neaplju.
Pokopan je v ''Stolnici svetega Vida'' v Pragi v družinski kapeli Martinicev. Begraben ist er im [[Veitsdom]] in Prag in der Familienkapelle der Martinitz.
== Nadaljnje branje ==
* {{BLKÖ|Martinitz, Georg Adam (II.) Graf von|17|47|48|}}
* {{ADB|20|515|517|Martinitz, Jaroslav Borita Graf von|Hans von Zwiedineck-Südenhorst|ADB:Martinitz, Jaroslav Borita Graf von}}
* {{NDB|16|304|305|Martinitz, Georg Adam von|Zdeněk Hojda|11681098X}}
== Glej tudi ==
* [[seznam avstrijskih diplomatov]]
* [[seznam avstrijskih politikov]]
* [[seznam papežev]]
== Sklici ==
{{sklici|2}}
== Zunanje povezave ==
{{commons category|Martinitz, Georg Adam}}
{{wikisource author}}
;{{ikona en}}
*[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145235886.pdf Béla Vilmos MIHALIK The Fall of an Imperial Ambassador: Count Georg Adam von Martinitz and His Recall from Rome]
;{{ikona de}}
*[https://www.musiklexikon.ac.at/ml/musik_M/Martinitz_Georg.xml Christian Fastl, Art. „Martinitz, Georg Adam Graf von‟, in: Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon online]
;{{ikona it}}
*[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-innocenzo-xii_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ Innocenzo XII, papa di Renata Ago - Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 62 (2004)]
{{Portal-Vojaštvo}}
{{normativna kontrola}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Martinitz, Georg Adam}}
[[Kategorija:Češki plemiči]]
[[Kategorija:Avstrijski plemiči]]
[[Kategorija:Avstrijski generali]]
[[Kategorija:Martinitz]]
= Avguštin Kažotič =
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Mihael Bő]] |
title=[[škof v Zagrebu]]|
after=Jakob I. iz Korva|Jakob iz Korva |
years=1303 – 21. august 1322}}
{{succession box |
before=Giacomo da Fusignano|
title=[[škof v Luceri]]|
after=Giacomo |
years=21. avgust 1322 – 3. avgust 1323}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Mihael Bő]] |
title=[[škof v Zagrebu]]|
after=[[Jakob I. iz Korva|Jakob iz Korva]] |
years=1303 – 21. august 1322}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Giacomo da Fusignano|Giacomo I.]] |
title=[[škof v Luceri]]|
after= [[Giacomo (škof)|Giacomo II.]] |
years=21. avgust 1322 – 3. avgust 1323}}
{{s-end}}
= Papež Inocenc XII. =
<font size=+1 color=#FF6666>rgbX3</font> •
<font size=+1 color=#66FF66>rgbX4</font><br/>
= Secretum (Petrarka); peskovnik) =
==List of authorities cited==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
*[[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]]
**[[Confessions (Augustine)|''Confessions'']]
*[[Cicero]]
**''Academica''
**[[Laelius de Amicitia|''De amicitia'']]
**''[[De finibus bonorum et malorum]]''
**[[Cato Maior de Senectute|''De Senectute'']]
**''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]''
**''[[Pro Marcello]]''
**''[[Tusculanae Disputationes]]''
*[[Horace]]
**[[Epistles (Horace)|''Epistles'']]
**[[Odes (Horace)|''Odes'']]
*[[Juvenal]]
**[[Satires (Juvenal)|''Satires'']]
*[[Macrobius]]
**[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|''Saturnalia'']]
*[[Ovid]]
**[[Amores (Ovid)|''Amores'']]
**''[[Epistulae ex Ponto]]''
**''[[Metamorphoses]]''
**''[[Remedia Amoris]]''
{{Col-break}}
*[[Petrarch]]
**''[[Africa (Petrarch)|''Africa'']]
**''Epistles''
**''[[Penitential Psalms]]''
*[[Seneca the Elder]]
**''Declamations''
*[[Seneca the Younger]]
**''[[De Beneficiis]]''
**''[[De Tranquillitate Animi]]''
**[[Epistulae morales ad Lucilium|''Epistles'']]
**''[[Naturales quaestiones]]''
*[[Suetonius]]
**[[The Twelve Caesars|''De vita Caesarum'']]
*[[Terence]]
**[[Andria (comedy)|''Andria'']]
**''[[Eunuchus]]''
**[[Phormio (play)|''Phormio'']]
*[[Virgil]]
**''[[Aeneid]]'' (26 times)
**''[[Eclogues]]''
**''[[Georgics]]''
<!--*Lucian (on Julius Caesar)-->
*Scripture
<font size=+1 color=green>Scripture</font><br/>
**[[Book of Wisdom]]
**[[Psalm 84]]
**[[Second Epistle to the Corinthians]]
{{Col-end}}
==List of authorities cited==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
*[[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]]
**[[Confessions (Augustine)|''Confessions'']]
*[[Cicero]]
**''Academica''
**[[Laelius de Amicitia|''De amicitia'']]
**''[[De finibus bonorum et malorum]]''
**[[Cato Maior de Senectute|''De Senectute'']]
**''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]''
**''[[Pro Marcello]]''
**''[[Tusculanae Disputationes]]''
*[[Horace]]
**[[Epistles (Horace)|''Epistles'']]
**[[Odes (Horace)|''Odes'']]
*[[Juvenal]]
**[[Satires (Juvenal)|''Satires'']]
*[[Macrobius]]
**[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|''Saturnalia'']]
*[[Ovid]]
**[[Amores (Ovid)|''Amores'']]
**''[[Epistulae ex Ponto]]''
**''[[Metamorphoses]]''
**''[[Remedia Amoris]]''
{{Col-break}}
*[[Petrarch]]
**''[[Africa (Petrarch)|''Africa'']]
**''Epistles''
**''[[Penitential Psalms]]''
*[[Seneca the Elder]]
**''Declamations''
*[[Seneca the Younger]]
**''[[De Beneficiis]]''
**''[[De Tranquillitate Animi]]''
**[[Epistulae morales ad Lucilium|''Epistles'']]
**''[[Naturales quaestiones]]''
*[[Suetonius]]
**[[The Twelve Caesars|''De vita Caesarum'']]
*[[Terence]]
**[[Andria (comedy)|''Andria'']]
**''[[Eunuchus]]''
**[[Phormio (play)|''Phormio'']]
*[[Virgil]]
**''[[Aeneid]]'' (26 times)
**''[[Eclogues]]''
**''[[Georgics]]''
<!--*Lucian (on Julius Caesar)-->
*Scripture
**[[Book of Wisdom]]
**[[Psalm 84]]
**[[Second Epistle to the Corinthians]]
{{Col-end}}
= Secretum - Peskovnik =
{{v delu}}
{{Infopolje Knjiga
| name = Secretum
| title_orig = Secretum
| translator = Skrivnost
| image = [[Slika: Secretum-Monaldi_Sorti.jpg|300px|<center>''Secretum''<br />platnice izdaje leta [[2004]]]]
| image_caption =<center>''Prva izdaja knjige na [[Nizozemska|Nizozemskem]]''</center>
| author = [[Monaldi & Sorti]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Nizozemska]]
| language = [[italijanščina]]
| series = sedem knjig po temle vrstnem redu: ''Imprimatur, Secretum, Veritas, Mysterium, Dissimulation, Unicum, Opus''
| genre = [[zgodovinski roman]], [[kriminalka]],
| publisher = Birlinn (angleška izdaja: Edinburgh, Škotska) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://birlinn.co.uk|title=Birlinn Publisher|publisher=Birlinn|date=1. januar 2021|accessdate=1. januar 2021}}</ref>
| release_date = [[2004]] in naslednja leta še v drugih jezikih; v hrvaščini tako 5. novembra 2008 <ref>{{cite web|url= https://anasubasic1.wordpress.com/2008/11/05/„imprimatur-secretum-veritas-mysterium-unicum…”/|title=„Imprimatur secretum, veritas mysterium. Unicum…”|publisher=Zovem se knjiga|date=5. november 2008|accessdate=28. december 2020}}</ref>
| english_release_date = 1. september 2009 <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amazon.it/Secretum-Monaldi-2009-07-01-Francesco-Sorti/dp/B01K3Q1VV2/ref=sr_1_5?__mk_it_IT=ÅMÅŽÕÑ&crid=14FJA0CCZ4XYK&dchild=1&keywords=secretum+monaldi+e+sorti&qid=1609418123&sprefix=secretum+Monal%2Cstripbooks%2C190&sr=8-5|title=Secretum|publisher=Amazon.it|date=1. julij 2009|accessdate=31. december 2020}}</ref> <ref>založba: Birlinn (Edinburgh Scotland), jezik:angleščina, strani 736, ISBN-10 : 1846971462, ISBN-13 : 978-1846971464</ref>
| english_release_date = 1. september 2009 <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amazon.it/Secretum-Monaldi-2009-07-01-Francesco-Sorti/dp/B01K3Q1VV2/ref=sr_1_5?__mk_it_IT=ÅMÅŽÕÑ&crid=14FJA0CCZ4XYK&dchild=1&keywords=secretum+monaldi+e+sorti&qid=1609418123&sprefix=secretum+Monal%2Cstripbooks%2C190&sr=8-5|title=Secretum|publisher=Amazon.it|date=1. julij 2009|accessdate=31. december 2020}}</ref>
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn =
| preceded_by = Imprimatur
| followed_by = Veritas
}}
'''Secretum''' ({{lang-la|secretum, -i, n.}}) je latinska beseda, ki pomeni ''Skrivnost''. Tukaj je to nalov zgodovinskega romana in predstavlja drugi del serije sedmih knjig, ki jih skupno pišeta zakonca [[Monaldi & Sorti|Rita Monaldi in Francesco Sorti]]. Tudi v tem primeru kot pri ''Imprimatur''ju - gre za politični roman v obliki zgodovinske pripovedi. Glavni lik je zopet [[Atto Melani|Melani]].
== Okoliščine ob nastajanju in izidu knjige ==
“Secretum” je druga knjiga iz vrste sedmerih knjig zakoncev Monaldi & Sorti. Medtem ko je prva - “Imprimatur”, izšla v Italiji 2002, je bila druga 2004 tiskana na [[Nizozemska|Nizozemskem]].
Monaldi in Sorti sta več ko deset let preučevala arhivske vire, da bi napisala ''Imprimatur'', preveden na več ko 20 jezikov v prek dva milijona izvodih prodan v 60 deželah in je že v svoji prvi izdaji zasedel četrto mesto med najbolj prodajanimi knjigami italijanskega dnevnika ''Corriere Della Sera''. Kmalu pa se je zataknilo – knjige so zginjale s polic, ponatis se je zavlekel. Zakonca sumita za to najdene listine v ''Vatikanskem arhivu'' in Državnem arhivu v Rimu'', ki naj bi ogrožale ugled [[papež Inocenc XI.|papeža Inocenca XI.]], katerega je [[papež Janez Pavel II.|papež]] menda ravno v tistem času nameraval »poblaženiti (prišteti k blaženim), pa je Vatikan v objavi knjige videl nagajanje in sabotažo, čeprav je bila napisana že veliko prej«, je menil Francesco Sorti na promociji »Secretuma« v hrvaščini 2008.
Ne gre zanemarjati dejstva, da je takrat vladala v Italiji [[Silvio Berlusconi|Berlusconijeva]] ''Forza Italia'' nekako v narodnjaškem geslu kot: »Naprej in najprej Italija, o njej samo dobro in le tisto, kar vzbuja ponos!« V tem ozračju razumemo nastanek filma [[Srce v breznu|Srce]]''. »Secretum« pa je pisan v drugačnem duhu - in takega sovražnega ozračja sta se zakonca umaknila z drugo knjigo na Nizozemsko. <ref>{{cite web|url= https://anasubasic1.wordpress.com/2008/11/05/„imprimatur-secretum-veritas-mysterium-unicum…”/|title=„Imprimatur secretum, veritas mysterium. Unicum…”|publisher=Ana Subašić|date=5. november 2008|accessdate=28. december 2020}}</ref>
== Vsebina ==
Zgodbo sta ob drugi izdaji ''Secretuma'' pri založbi Baldini & Castoldi 2015 v Italiji predstavila sama zakonca Monaldi & Sorti.
Dogajanje poteka v [[Rim]]u leta 1700, ko se ulice tro [[sveto leto|svetoletnih]] romarjev; [[kardinal]] [[Fabrizio Spada|Spada]] pa praznuje nečakovo poroko v svoji vili. Med gosti je tudi [[Atto Melani|Melani]], slavni pevec in opat – obenem pa skrivni svetovalec in vohun [[Ludvik XIV. Francoski|Sončnega kralja]], ki tam ni naključno. Tajni sporazum, s katerim bi Sončni kralj postavil svojega naslednika za vladarja Španije in zavaroval koristi Burbonov in Vatikana je ogrožen z vrsto nepričakovanih dogodkov. Opat Melani in njegov mladi pomoćnik ponovo stopata na pozornico kot v romanu ''Imprimatur''; odkrivata prividno stvarnost za pajčolanom olikane ljubeznivosti v nevarnem iskanju nekega nenavadnega predmeta. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knjizararoman.rs/__public/upload/init/19/knjiga-secretum-monaldi-sorti-laguna-knjizara-roman-odlomak-19704.pdf|title= Secretum (odlomak)|publisher=Knjižara Roman.rs|date= |accessdate=31. december 2020}}</ref>
[[Karel II. Španski|Karel Španski]] namreč umira brez otrok, ne da bi zapustil dediče. Po splošnem mnenju zgodovinarjev je za dediča po papeževem nasvetu izbral [[Francosko kraljestvo|Francijo]]. Zgodba pa pokaže čudne okoliščine te »svobodne« odločitve. Umira tudi [[papež Inocenc XII.]], ki zaradi hude bolezni ne more več vplivati na dogajanje. [[Kardinal]]i že prihajajo pričakujoč njegovo smrt in pogreb. [[Konklave]] je neizbežen in kardinali se že pripravljajo nanj in dogovarjajo o kandidatih za novega papeža. Zaradi potekanja [[sveto leto|svetoletnih]] jubilejnih slovesnosti ne morejo odlašati z izvolitvijo novega papeža. Načrti in spletke se odvijajo v vili Spada.
To je torej v osnovi [[zgodovinski roman]], ki bi ga zaradi napetega dogajanja lahko uvrstili tudi med [[detektivka|detektivke]] oziroma [[kriminalka|kriminalke]] – ali pa tudi med [[vojni roman]]. V zraku je namreč že čutiti grozeče ozračje, ki bo prineslo ''špansko nasledstveno vojno''.
Glede tega pravi Rita Monaldi: »Na trgu je veliko pustolovskih romanov, poučno-zgodovinskih pa ne. Zgodovina pa si zasluži, da si jo zapomnimo zlasti zato, ker nas uči, da ne bi ponavljali napak iz preteklosti, ali da bi jih znali preprečiti; pomaga nam namreč razumeti, kaj je napačno in kam nas to lahko vodi. Najini romani so zgodovinski le v svoji preobleki, v resnici pa so vzgojni."
Celotno zgodbo sestavlja sedem romanov, katerih naslovi tvorijo latinski stavek »Imprimatur Secretum Veritas Mysterium Dissimulatio Unicum Opus«; v prevodu bi to pomenilo: »Naj se tiska! Skrivnost Resnica Tajna Hinavščina Edinstveno Delo«. To podaja vodilno misel teh romanov: »Natisne se lahko vsaka skrivnost, resnica je kljub temu tajna in nedosegljiva. Edina stvarnost ostaja hinavščina".
Najbolj očarljiv vidik njunega ustvarjanja je vzorno sodelovanje, ki se kaže v vseh predstavitvah njunih knjig; pa tudi pri odkrivanju izvirnih listin, zasebnih pisem, poročil in dopisovanja, ki ga hranijo evropski arhivi. Tako človek ne more ločiti, kar je našel ali napisal eden od zakoncev, ker vse delata skupno. V primeru oporoke španskega kralja Karla II. je zakoncema sinila misel, da s to oporoko nekaj ne more biti v redu.
Ko je Karel II. Leta 700 umrl brez dedičev, je bil vladar največjega kraljestva na svetu s kolonijami od Daljnega vzhoda do Amerike. Pred smrtjo je dal jasno vedeti, da si želi za dediča habsburškega nečaka, kar je zapisal v pismih. Oporoka pa nepričakovano ne določi za naslednika Habsburžana, ampak Anžuvinca. Zakonca sta dala iz arhiva Simanca na skeniranje oporoko v visoki ločljivosti in jo dala pregledati ločeno dvema grafologoma, ki nista vedela en za drugega; vendar sta oba ugotovila, da je podpis na oporoki ponarejen; kako je do tega prišlo, razlaga roman »Secretum«.
Bralca preseneti obilica pisnih pričevanj, od katerih naj navedemo le eno. Karel Španski sporoča bratrancu [[Leopold I. Habsburški|Leopoldu]] (1640-1705), da lahko pošlje ladje, ki bodo odpeljale njegovega sina-dediča. Francoski kralj je pisma prestregel ter poslal ladijsko zasedo, ki bi obstreljevala dedičevo ladjo. Da ne bi tvegal sinove smrti svojega sina, španski kralj popusti.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.famigliacristiana.it/articolo/secretutm-monaldi-sorti.aspx|title= MONALDI & SORTI: Dobbiamo imparare dalla storia |publisher=Patrizia Ruscio v Famiglia Cristiana|date=29. oktober 2015 |accessdate=29. november 2020}}</ref>
== Osebe ==
* ''[[Papež Inocenc XII.|Inocenc XII.]]'' (*1615, vladal 1691-1700) – petinosemdesetletni papež na smrtni postelji, ki ne more več vplivati na dogodke, čeprav bi jih zaradi splošnega ugleda lahko usmerjal;
* ''[[Papež Klemen XI.|Klemen XI.]]'' (*1649, vadal 1700-1721) – izvoljen komaj 50-leten za novega papeža v sorazmerno kratkem konklavu in je med drugim zaključil [[sveto leto]];
* ''[[Ludvik XIV. Francoski|Ludvik XIV. - “Sončni kralj”]]'' (*1638, vladal 1643-1715) – poglavar [[Francosko kraljestvo|Francoskega kraljestva]] – evropske dežele z naraščajočo močjo;
* ''[[Karel II. Španski|Karel Španski]]'' ()– poglavar največjega svetovnega kraljestva; na smrtni postelji in brez otrok ter se dogajanje vrti okoli njegove oporoke s ponarejenim podpisom.
* ''[[Leopold I. Habsburški|Leopold Habsburški]]'' (*1640, vladal 1658-1705) – a [[Sveto rimsko cesarstvo|svetorimski cesar]], ki je začel Špansko nasledstveno vojno, ki se je začela za Avstrijo ugodno, vendar so se zadeve vedno bolj zapletale;
* ''Karel VI. Habsburški|Karel Habsburški]] – sin Leopolda I. (*1685, vladal pod raznimi nazivi 1703-1740) – naslednik Karla Španskega; oče [[Marija Terezija|Marije Terezije (*1717, vladala 1740-1780)]];
* ''[[Fabrizio Spada|Spada]] '' (1643-1717) [[kardinal]] – v čigar vili v Rimu se zbirajo in načrtujejo odlični gostje ob poroki njegovega nečaka – tukaj se odloča evropska (in tudi svetovna) prihodnost;
* ''[[Atto Melani|Melani]] '' (1626-1714) – pevec-skopljenec in skrivni svetovalec [[Ludvik XIV. Francoski|Sončnega kralja]].
== Sklici ==
{{sklici}}
== Zunanje povezave ==
[[Kategorija:Italijanska književnost]]
[[Kategorija:Dela zakoncev Manoldi & Sorti]]
[[Kategorija:Dela leta 2004]]
[[Kategorija:Sodobna književnost]]
[[Kategorija:Zgodovinski roman]]
{{normativna kontrola}}
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