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V nekaterih državah (vključno z [[Avstralija|Avstralijo]] in številnimi jurisdikcijami po vsej ZDA) je oseba lahko obtožena kaznivega dejanja zaradi vožnje s [[Kolesarstvo|kolesom]], rolko ali konjem v stanju alkoholiziranosti ali pod vplivom alkohola.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rowling|first1=Troy|title=In Mt Isa it's RUI: riding under the influence|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/queensland/in-mt-isa-its-rui-riding-under-the-influence/2008/10/13/1223749931568.html|accessdate=19 July 2017|newspaper=Brisbane Times|date=14 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pedestrian Safety|url=http://www.colorado.edu/police/crime-prevention-safety/pedestrian-safety|website=Police Department, University of Colorado|accessdate=19 July 2017}} ("[I]f you bicycle while intoxicated you will be held to the same standards as other motorists and may be issued a DUI.")</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ore. skateboarder collides with van, charged with DUI|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ore-skateboarder-collides-with-van-charged-with-dui/|website=Crimesider|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=19 July 2017|date=13 March 2013}}</ref>
== AlkoholSklici ==
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With alcohol consumption, a [[drunk driver]]'s level of intoxication is typically determined by a measurement of [[blood alcohol content]] or BAC; but this can also be expressed as a breath test measurement, often referred to as a BrAC. A BAC or BrAC measurement in excess of the specific threshold level, such as 0.08%, defines the [[criminal offense]] with no need to prove impairment.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nelson|first1=Bruce|title=Nevada's Driving Under the Influence (DUI) laws|url=http://nvpac.nv.gov/DUIhome/|website=NVPAC|publisher=Advisory Council for Prosecuting Attorneys|accessdate=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422000604/http://nvpac.nv.gov/DUIhome/|archive-date=2017-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher BAC level, such as 0.12%, 0.15% or 0.25%. In many jurisdictions, police officers can conduct field tests of suspects to look for signs of intoxication. The US state of Colorado has a maximum blood content of [[THC]] for drivers who have consumed [[cannabis]], but it has been difficult to enforce.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/360/bill-to-change-dui-marijuana-impairment-laws-postponed-but-sparking-conversation|title=Bill to change DUI marijuana impairment laws postponed|date=2019-02-13|website=KMGH|language=en|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref>
In some countries, it is measured and known in gram per blood liter, with 0.5 g/L similar to a 0.05% rate, other use per mille (per thousand sign) with 0.5‰ = 0.05%.
=== Blood alcohol content ===
{{refimprove section|date=September 2020}}
{{main|Blood alcohol content}}
[[Slika:Bafometro.JPG|desno|sličica|A law enforcement grade Breathalyzer, specifically an Alco-Sensor IV]]
Drinking enough [[Ethyl alcohol|alcohol]] to cause a [[blood alcohol concentration]] (BAC) of 0.03–0.12% typically causes a [[Alcohol flush reaction|flushed, red appearance in the face]] and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes [[lethargy]], [[sedation]], balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes [[stupor]], unconsciousness, [[anterograde amnesia]], vomiting and [[respiratory depression]] (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a [[coma]] (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal [[alcohol poisoning]]. There are a number of factors that affect when your BAC will reach or exceed 0.08, including how much you weigh, the time frame that you have been drinking, and if you ate within the time of drinking. A 170 lbs male can drink more than a 135 lbs female, before being over the BAC level. <ref>National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). BAC Estimator [computer program]. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service, 1992.</ref>
A [[breathalyzer]] is a device for estimating BAC from a breath sample. It was developed by inventor [[Robert Frank Borkenstein]]<ref name="borkenstein">{{cite news|author=Douglas Martin (reporter)|title=Robert F. Borkenstein, 89, Inventor of the Breathalyzer|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/17/us/robert-f-borkenstein-89-inventor-of-the-breathalyzer.html|quote=Robert F. Borkenstein, who revolutionized enforcement of drunken driving laws by inventing the Breathalyzer to measure alcohol in the blood, died last Saturday at his home in Bloomington, Ind. He was 89. ...Robert Frank Borkenstein was born in Fort Wayne, Ind., on Aug. 31, 1912.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 17, 2002|accessdate=2013-12-23}}</ref> and registered as a trademark in 1954, but many people use the term to refer to any generic device for estimating [[blood alcohol content]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4802:z6a5w4.2.16|title=Breathalyzer|date=May 13, 1958|accessdate=2014-01-03|quote=|publisher=[[USPTO]]|location=}}</ref> With the advent of a scientific test for BAC, law enforcement regimes moved from sobriety tests (e.g., asking the suspect to stand on one leg) to having more than a prescribed amount of blood alcohol content while driving. However, this does not preclude the simultaneous existence and use of the older subjective tests in which [[Police officer|police officers]] measure the intoxication of the suspect by asking them to do certain activities or by examining their eyes and responses. BAC is most conveniently measured as a simple percent of alcohol in the blood by weight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2090019-overview|title=Ethanol Level|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> Research shows an exponential increase of the relative risk for a crash with a linear increase of BAC as shown {{clarify span|in the illustration.|explain=What illustration?|date=September 2020}} BAC does not depend on any units of measurement. In Europe, it is usually expressed as milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. However, 100 milliliters of blood weighs essentially the same as 100 milliliters of water, which weighs precisely 100 grams. Thus, for all practical purposes, this is the same as the simple dimensionless BAC measured as a percent. The [[per mille]] (''promille'') measurement, which is equal to ten times the percentage value, is used in Denmark, Germany, Finland, Norway and Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|title=On DWI Laws in Other Countries|url=https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/pub/DWIothercountries/dwiothercountries.html|website=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|accessdate=1 August 2017|date=March 2000}}</ref>
Depending on the jurisdiction, BAC may be measured by police using three methods: blood, breath, or urine. For law enforcement purposes, breath is the preferred method, since results are available almost instantaneously. The validity of the testing equipment/methods and mathematical relationships for the measurement of breath and blood alcohol have been criticized.<ref>Bates, Marsha E. "Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs." The Correspondence between Saliva and Breath Estimates of Blood Alcohol Concentration: Advantages and Limitations of the Saliva Method". ''Journal of Studies in Alcohol'', 1 Jan. 1993. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.</ref> Improper testing and equipment calibration is often used in defense of a DUI or DWI. There have been cases in Canada where officers have come upon a suspect who is unconscious after an accident and officers have taken a blood sample.
Driving while consuming alcohol may be illegal within a jurisdiction. In some it is illegal for an [[United States open-container laws|open container]] of an alcoholic beverage to be in the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle or in some specific area of that compartment. There have been cases of drivers being convicted of a DUI when they were not observed driving after being proven in court they had been driving while under the influence.<ref name="voaslacey">{{cite journal|last1=Voas|first1=Robert B.|last2=Lacey|first2=John H.|title=Issues in the enforcement of impaired driving laws in the United States|publisher=Pennsylvania State University|citeseerx=10.1.1.553.1031}}</ref><ref name="teklev">{{cite web|last1=Tekenos-Levy|first1=Jordan|title=Impaired Driving in Canada: Cost and Effect of a Conviction|url=https://www.ncdd.com/blog/559292f7a6ec618756688282/impaired-driving-in-canada-cost-and-effect-of-a-conviction|website=National College for DUI Defense|accessdate=1 August 2017|date=29 July 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801080436/https://www.ncdd.com/blog/559292f7a6ec618756688282/impaired-driving-in-canada-cost-and-effect-of-a-conviction|archivedate=1 August 2017}}</ref>
In the case of an accident, [[car insurance]] may be automatically declared invalid for the intoxicated driver; the drunk driver would be fully responsible for damages. In the American system, a citation for driving under the influence also causes a major increase in car insurance premiums.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tchir|first1=Jason|title=How an impaired driving conviction can affect your car insurance rates|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/news/industry-news/how-an-impaired-driving-conviction-can-affect-your-car-insurance-rates/article19100767/|accessdate=1 August 2017|agency=Globe and Mail|date=10 June 2014}}</ref>
The German model serves to reduce the number of accidents by identifying unfit drivers and revoking their licenses until their fitness to drive has been established again. The [[Medical Psychological Assessment]] (MPA) works for a prognosis of the fitness for drive in future, has an interdisciplinary basic approach and offers the chance of individual rehabilitation to the offender.<ref name="müller laub">{{cite web|url=http://www.fit-to-drive.com/2006/downloads/Mueller_Laub.pdf|title=The Medical Psychological Assessment: An Opportunity for the Individual, Safety for the Genera Public|format=PD|date=|accessdate=2012-10-10}}</ref>
George Smith, a [[London Taxi]] [[cab driver]], ended up being the first person to be convicted of driving a motor vehicle while intoxicated, on September 10, 1897, under the "drunk in charge" provision of the 1872 Licensing Act. He was fined 25 [[shillings]], which is {{Inflation|UK|1.25|1897|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}.{{Inflation-fn|UK}}
=== Risks ===
[[Slika:WHO_BAC_Relative_risk.png|sličica|Relative risk of an accident based on blood alcohol levels<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/87564/E82659.pdf|title=Preventing road traffic injury: A public health perspective for Europe|publisher=}}</ref>]]
[[Slika:%25_of_US_Car_Crash_Fatalities_Where_Driver_Blood_Alcohol_Level_Was_.01_and_Above_1999_-_2012.gif|desno|sličica|Percentage of US car crash fatalities where driver blood alcohol level was .01 and above, 1999–2012]]
Driving under the influence is one of the largest risk factors that contribute to [[Traffic collision|traffic collisions]]. For people in Europe between the age of 15 and 29, driving under the influence is one of the main causes of mortality.<ref name="Alonso, Pastor 2015">{{cite journal|last1=Alonso|first1=Francisco|last2=Pasteur|first2=Juan C.|last3=Montero|first3=Luis|last4=Esteban|first4=Cristina|date=2015|title=Driving under the influence of alcohol: frequency, reasons, perceived risk and punishment|journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy|volume=10|issue=11|pages=11|doi=10.1186/s13011-015-0007-4|pmc=4359384|pmid=25880078}}</ref> According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration alcohol-related crashes cause approximately $37 billion in damages annually.<ref name="nhtsa.gov">{{Cite web|title=Impaired Driving {{!}} National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)|url=http://www.nhtsa.gov/Impaired|website=www.nhtsa.gov|accessdate=2015-09-29}}</ref> DUI and alcohol-related crashes produce an estimated $45 billion in damages every year. Between attorney fees, fines, court fees, ignition interlock devices, and DMV fees a DUI charge could cost thousands to tens of thousands of dollars.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}
Studies show that a high BAC increases the risk of collisions whereas it is not clear if a BAC of 0.01–0.05% slightly increases or decreases the risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judcom.nsw.gov.au/publications/benchbks/local/alcohol_and_driving.html|title=Alcohol and Driving|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="grandrapids">[http://casr.adelaide.edu.au/t95/paper/s9p2.html Grand Rapids Effects Revisited: Accidents, Alcohol and Risk], H.-P. Krüger, J. Kazenwadel and M. Vollrath, Center for Traffic Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany</ref>
Traffic collisions are predominantly caused by driving under the influence for people in Europe between the age of 15 and 29, it is one of the main causes of mortality.<ref name="Alonso, Pastor 2015" /> According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration alcohol-related collisions cause approximately $37 billion in damages annually.<ref name="nhtsa.gov" /> Every 51 minutes someone dies from an alcohol-related collision. When it comes to risk-taking there is a larger male to female ratio as personality traits, antisociality and risk-taking are taken into consideration as they all are involved in DUI's.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Anum|first1=EA|last2=Silberg|first2=J|last3=Retchin|first3=SM|year=2014|title=Heritability of DUI convictions: a twin study of driving under the influence of alcohol|journal=Twin Res Hum Genet|volume=17|issue=1|pages=10–5|doi=10.1017/thg.2013.86|pmid=24384043|s2cid=206345742}}</ref> Over 7.7 million underage people ages 12–20 claim to drink alcohol, and on average, for every 100,000 underage Americans, 1.2 died in drunk-driving traffic accidents.<ref>“Underage Drinking.” National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/underagedrinking/underagefact.htm.</ref>
In the U.S., Southern and Northern Central states have the highest prevalence of fatalities due to DUI collisions. A 2019 study that weighed arrest and census figures with National Highway Traffic Safety Administration stats on fatal crashes found that seven of the 12 states with the highest DUI death rates are Southern, led by the Carolinas, Mississippi, Alabama, Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas. But the most DUI fatalities per capita are found in the North-Central region, where Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas top the overall ranking as the states with the most acute DUI crises. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.northeast.aaa.com/daily/life/aaa/the-most-dangerous-states-for-dui-deaths/|title=The Most Dangerous States for DUI Deaths|date=2020-01-07|website=Your AAA Network|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref>
==== Grand Rapids Dip ====
Some studies suggest that a BAC of 0.01–0.04% would have a lower risk of collisions compared to a BAC of 0%, referred to as the ''Grand Rapids Effect'' or ''Grand Rapids Dip'',<ref name="grandrapids" /><ref name="ntsb_grandrapids">{{cite web|url=https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/pub/impaired_driving/BAC/introduction.html|title=Driver Characteristics and Impairment at Various BACs - Introduction|website=one.nhtsa.gov}}</ref> based on a seminal research study by Borkenstein, et al.<ref name="borkenstein-papers">[http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/findingaids/view?doc.view=entire_text&docId=InU-Ar-VAC0762 Robert F. Borkenstein papers, 1928-2002], Indiana U. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287668034_The_role_of_the_drinking_driver_in_traffic_accidents_The_Grand_Rapids_Study The role of the drinking driver in traffic accidents] (Researchgate link)</ref> ([[Robert Frank Borkenstein]] is well known for inventing the Drunkometer in 1938, and the Breathalyzer in 1954.)<ref>[https://www.indiana.edu/~bcahs/about/history/ Center for Studies of Law in Action, Robert F. Borkenstein Courses], Indiana U.</ref> One study suggests that a BAC of 0.04–0.05% would slightly increase the risk.<ref name="grandrapids" />
Some literature has attributed the ''Grand Rapids Effect'' to erroneous data or asserted (without support) that it was possibly due to drivers exerting extra caution at low BAC levels or to "experience" in drinking. Other explanations are that this effect is at least in part the blocking effect of ethanol [[excitotoxicity]] and the effect of alcohol in [[essential tremor]] and other movement disorders,<ref name="pmid20721919">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mostile G, Jankovic J|date=October 2010|title=Alcohol in essential tremor and other movement disorders|journal=Movement Disorders|volume=25|issue=14|pages=2274–84|doi=10.1002/mds.23240|pmid=20721919}}</ref> but this remains speculative.
Both the influential study by Borkenstein, et al. and the empirical German data on the 1990s demonstrated that the risk of collisions is lower or the same for drivers with a BAC of 0.04% or less than for drivers with a BAC of 0%. For a BAC of 0.15% the risk is 25-fold. The 0.05% BAC limit in Germany (since 1998, 0.08% since 1973) and the limits in many other countries were set based on the study by Borkenstein, et al.<ref name="grandrapids" /> [[Würzburg University]] researchers showed that all extra collisions caused by alcohol were due to at least 0.06% BAC, 96% of them due to BAC above 0.08%, and 79% due to BAC above 0.12%. In their study based on the 1990s German data, the effect of alcohol was higher for almost all BAC levels than in Borkenstein, et al.
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