Aspergerjev sindrom: Razlika med redakcijama

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'''Aspergerjev sindrom''' (AS) ali '''aspergerjeva motnja''' je [[motnja avtističnega spektra]], za katero so značilne hude težave v socialnih interakcijah ter omejeno in ponavljajoče se vedenje in zanimanje. Od drugih motenj avtističnega spektra se razlikuje po razmeroma ohranjenem [[jezikovni razvoj|jezikovnem]] in [[spoznavni razvoj|spoznavnem razvoju]]. Čeprav za diagnozo nista nujna, sta pogosto prisotna tudi telesna nerodnost in nenavadna uporaba jezika.<ref name=McPartland>{{cite journal |author1= McPartland J|author2= Klin A |title= Asperger's syndrome |journal= Adolesc Med Clin |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=771–88 |year=2006 |pmid=17030291 |doi= 10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010}}</ref><ref name=Baskin>{{cite journal |authors= Baskin JH, Sperber M, Price BH |title= Asperger syndrome revisited |journal= Rev Neurol Dis |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16596080}}</ref>
 
Sindrom se imenuje po avstrijskem pediatru [[Hans Asperger|Hansu Aspergerju]], ki je leta 1944 v svoji praksi preučeval in opisal otroke z omejenimi sposobnostmi [[nebesedno sporazumevanje|nebesednega sporazumevanja]], omejeno [[empatija|empatijo]] do [[vrstniška skupina|vrstnikov]] in telesno nerodnostjo.<ref name=ha>{{cite book |authors= Asperger H; tr. and annot. Frith U |origyear=1944 |chapter= 'Autistic psychopathy' in childhood |editor= Frith U |title= Autism and Asperger syndrome |year=1991 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-38608-X |pages=37–92}}</ref> Sodobni koncept aspergerjevega sindroma se je pojavil leta 1981,<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Klin A, Pauls D, Schultz R, Volkmar F |title=Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: Implications for research |journal=J of Autism and Dev Dis |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=221–34 |year=2005 |pmid=15909408 |doi=10.1007/s10803-004-2001-y}}</ref> postal vse bolj popularen<ref>{{cite book |title= Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism? |editors= Schopler E, Mesibov GB, Kunce LJ |publisher= Plenum press |location= New York |year=1998 |chapter= The history of Asperger syndrome |author= Wing L |pages=11–25 |isbn= 0-306-45746-6 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=jz_xbeWgG9AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Asperger+syndrome+or+high-functioning+autism#v=onepage&q=Asperger%20syndrome%20or%20high-functioning%20autism%3F&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Asperger's Syndrome: A Comparison of Clinical Diagnoses and Those Made According to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV |journal=J of Autism and Dev Disord. |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=235–240 |year=2005 |pmid= 15909409 |authors=Woodbury-Smith M, Klin A, Volkmar F |doi=10.1007/s10803-004-2002-x }}</ref> in se standardiziral kot medicinska [[diagnoza]] v zgodnjih 1990. letih. Pri tej motnji ostajajo odprta številna vprašanja.<ref name=Woodbury-Smith>{{cite journal |author1=Woodbury-Smith MR|author2= Volkmar FR |title=Asperger syndrome |journal=Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=2–11 |year=januar 2009 |month= |pmid=18563474 |doi=10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0}}</ref> Razlika med to motnjo in [[visokofunkcionalni avtizem|visokofunkcionalnim avtizmom]] (HFA) ni jasna,<ref name=Klin>{{cite journal |journal= Rev Bras Psiquiatr |year=2006 |volume=28 |issue= suppl 1 |pages=S3–S11 |title= Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview |author= Klin A |doi=10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002 |pmid=16791390 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462006000500002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en}}</ref> zato njegova [[prevalenca]] ni povsem zanesljiva.<ref name=McPartland/> V načrtovani zbirki duševnih motenj [[DSM-5]] se diagnoza aspergerjevega sindroma ne bo pojavila, temveč jo bo zamenjala diagnoza motnje avtističnega spektra na jakostni lestvici.<ref name=DSMV>{{cite web|title=299.80 Asperger's Disorder |work=DSM-5 Development |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |accessdate=2010-12-21 |url=http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=97# | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101225152454/http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=97| archivedate= 25 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurlurl-status= nolive}}</ref>
 
Vzrok aspergerjevega sindroma ni znan. Čeprav raziskave kažejo na [[genetika|genetsko]] osnovo,<ref name=McPartland/> genetska etiologija ni znana,<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Etiology and prevalence |year=2006 |publisher= Elsevier Science |title= Early intervention for autism spectrum disorders: a critical analysis |page= 33 |isbn= 0-08-044675-2 |location= Amsterdam |url= http://books.google.com/?id=XonQy12xCgEC&pg=PP2&dq=Early+intervention+for+autism+spectrum+disorders:+a+critical+analysis#v=onepage&q=Early%20intervention%20for%20autism%20spectrum%20disorders%3A%20a%20critical%20analysis&f=false |author= Matson JL, Minshawi NF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Klauck SM |title= Genetics of autism spectrum disorder |journal= Eur J of Hum Genet |year=2006 |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=714–720 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201610 |url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v14/n6/pdf/5201610a.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> [[nevrološko slikanje|nevrološke slikovne tehnike]] pa prav tako niso pokazale jasne skupne patologije.<ref name=McPartland/> Zdravljenje motnje je heterogeno, učinkovitost posameznih metod zdravljenja pa je le slabo podprta.<ref name=McPartland/> Ukrepi so omejeni na ublažitev simptomov in izboljšanje zmožnosti. Osnova zdravljenja je [[vedenjska terapija]], ki se usmerja na posamezne pomanjkljivosti.<ref name=NINDS>{{cite web |author= National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) |date=2007-07-31 |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/detail_asperger.htm |accessdate=2007-08-24 |title= Asperger syndrome fact sheet| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070821112426/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/detail_asperger.htm?| archivedate= 21 August 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurlurl-status= nolive}} NIH Publication No. 05-5624.</ref> Večina otrok z odraščanjem napreduje, socialne in komunikacijske težave pa lahko ostanejo.<ref name=Woodbury-Smith/> Nekateri raziskovalci in ljudje z aspergerjevim sindromom menijo, da bi stanje morali obravnavati ne kot pomanjkljivost, ki jo je treba zdraviti, temveč zgolj kot še eno od razlik med ljudmi.<ref name=Clarke>{{cite journal |journal= Disabil Soc |year=2007 |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=761–76 |title= 'Surplus suffering': differences between organizational understandings of Asperger's syndrome and those people who claim the 'disorder' |author1= Clarke J|author2= van Amerom G |doi=10.1080/09687590701659618}}</ref><ref name=BaronCohen2002>{{cite journal |journal= Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl |year=2002 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=186–91 |title= Is Asperger syndrome necessarily viewed as a disability? |author= Baron-Cohen S |doi=10.1177/10883576020170030801}} Prost osnutek z nekoliko drugačno dikcijo v citiranem besedilu je: {{cite web |url=http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-12-02 |year=2002 |author= Baron-Cohen S |title= Is Asperger's syndrome necessarily a disability? |publisher= Autism Research Centre |location= Cambridge| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081217140628/http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf| archivedate= 17 December 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurlurl-status= nolive}}</ref>
 
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