Tuberkuloza: Razlika med redakcijama

Glavni povzročitelj tuberkuloze je ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'', aeroben in negibljiv [[bacil]].<ref name=ID10>{{cite book|lastlast1=Dolin|firstfirst1=[edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|pages=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}</ref> Visoka vsebnost [[lipid]]ov je pri tem patogenu odgovorna za številne od njegovih edinstvenih kliničnih značilnosti.<ref>{{cite book |author=Southwick F |title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed. |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division |date=10 December 2007 |pages=104, 313–314 |chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections |isbn=0-07-147722-5}}</ref> [[celična delitev|Deli se]] vsakih 16 do 20 ur, kar je zelo počasi v primerjavi z drugimi bakterijami, ki se običajno delijo več kot enkrat na uro.<ref name="Jindal 2011 525">{{cite book|last=Jindal|first=editor-in-chief SK|title=Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|pages=525|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mikobakterija ima [[celična struktura bakterij|zunanjo membrano]] v obliki lipidnega dvosloja.<ref name=Niederweis2010>{{cite journal |author=Niederweis M, Danilchanka O, Huff J, Hoffmann C, Engelhardt H |title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=109–116 |date=marec 2010 |pmid=20060722 |pmc=2931330 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005 }}</ref> Pri [[Grampozitivna bakterija|barvanju po Gramu]] se bakterija ali obarva šibko »grampozitivno« ali barvila zaradi visoke vsebnosti [[lipid]]ov in mikolične kisline v svojo celični steni ne obdrži.<ref name=Madison_2001>{{cite journal |author=Madison B |title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology |journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=119–125 |year=2001 |pmid=11475314 |doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB preživi v šibkih [[razkužilo|razkužilih]] in v obliki [[endospora|endospor]] preživi tedne dolgo. V naravi lahko bakterija uspeva le v celicah [[gostitelj (biologija)|gostiteljicah]] prizadetega organizma, vendar pa je ''M. tuberculosis'' mogoče gojiti [[in vitro|v laboratoriju]].<ref name=Parish_1999>{{cite journal |author=Parish T, Stoker N |title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back) |journal=Molecular Biotechnology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=191-200 |year=1999| pmid=10934532 |doi = 10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref>

Kompleks ''M. tuberculosis'' vsebuje še štiri druge mikobakterije, ki povzročajo TBC: ''[[Mycobacterium bovis|M. bovis]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium africanum|M. africanum]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium Canetti|M. Canetti]]'' in ''[[Mycobacterium microti|M. microti]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Soolingen D |title=A novel pathogenic taxon of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Canetti: characterization of an exceptional isolate from Africa |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=1236-45 |year=1997 |pmid=9336935 |doi=10.1099/00207713-47-4-1236 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 |last2=Hoogenboezem |first2=T. |last3=De Haas |first3=P. E. W. |last4=Hermans |first4=P. W. M. |last5=Koedam |first5=M. A. |last6=Teppema |first6=K. S. |last7=Brennan |first7=P. J. |last8=Besra |first8=G. S. |last9=Portaels |first9=F. |first10=J. |first11=L. M. |first12display-authors=J. D. A.etal}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' sicer ni široko razširjena, v nekaterih predelih Afrike pa pomeni pomemben vzrok za TBC.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Niemann S |title=Mycobacterium africanum Subtype II Is Associated with Two Distinct Genotypes and Is a Major Cause of Human Tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3398-405 |year=2002 |pmid=12202584 |pmc=130701 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 |last2=Rusch-Gerdes |first2=S. |last3=Joloba |first3=M. L. |last4=Whalen |first4=C. C. |last5=Guwatudde |first5=D. |last6=Ellner |first6=J. J. |last7=Eisenach |first7=K. |last8=Fumokong |first8=N. |last9=Johnson |first9=J. L. |first10display-authors=T. |first11=R. D. |first12=A. |first13=S. K.etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Niobe-Eyangoh SN |title=Genetic Biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains from Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Cameroon |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=2547-53 |year=2003 |pmid=12791879 |pmc=156567 |doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 |last2=Kuaban |first2=C. |last3=Sorlin |first3=P. |last4=Cunin |first4=P. |last5=Thonnon |first5=J. |last6=Sola |first6=C. |last7=Rastogi |first7=N. |last8=Vincent |first8=V. |last9=Gutierrez |first9=M. C.}}</ref> Bacil ''M. bovis'' je bil nekoč pogost vzrok za tuberkulozo, vendar v razvitih državah z uvedbo [[pasterizacija|pasterizacije mleka]] v veliki meri ne pomeni več zdravstvenega problema.<ref name=Robbins/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Thoen C, Lobue P, de Kantor I |title=The importance of ''Mycobacterium bovis'' as a zoonosis |journal=Veterinary Microbiology |volume=112 |issue=2-4 |pages=339-45 |year=2006 |pmid=16387455 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047}}</ref> ''M. canetti'' se pojavlja redko na območju [[Afriški rog|Afriškega roga]]. Našli so ga pri izseljencih iz Afrike.<ref>{{cite book|last=Acton|first=Q. Ashton|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|pages=1968|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pfyffer|first1=GE|last2=Auckenthaler|first2= R|last3= van Embden|first3= JD|last4= van Soolingen|first4= D|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=oktoberoktober–december 2008|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631-december4|pmid=9866740|pmc=2640258|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' je prav tako redek, večinoma se pojavlja pri osebah z imunsko pomanjkljivostjo. Razširjenost tega patogena se je morda doslej precej podcenjevalo.<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Panteix, G, Gutierrez, MC, Boschiroli, ML, Rouviere, M, Plaidy, A, Pressac, D, Porcheret, H, Chyderiotis, G, Ponsada, M, Van Oortegem, K, Salloum, S, Cabuzel, S, Bauls, AL, Van de Perre, P, Godreuil, S|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|date=avgust 2010|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984-9|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref>