Hernán Cortés: Razlika med redakcijama

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Azteki so izbrali novega [[poglavar]]ja - Guatemozina , Cortesu pa dopustili, da tudi on vstopi v palačo, nato pa Špance napadli. Zajetemu Montezumi je Cortez ukazal, naj skuša umiriti svoje ljudstvo, vendar je kamenjan umrl. Azteki so čakali, da Špancem v palači zmanjka zalog hrane, ko se je Cortes odločil, da bo poskušal prebiti njihove čete. Žrtve na španski strani so bile velike, vendar se je Cortesu z majhno skupino tovarišev uspelo prebiti iz obroča. Azteki so skušali poraziti tudi njega, a jim to v [[bitka pri Otumbi|bitki pri Otumbi]] ni uspelo. Cortes je nato obnovil moči, da bi lahko dokončno porazil Tenochtitlan. To je dosegel [[13. avgust]]a. Žrtve celega pohoda na azteški strani so ocenjene na število med 120.000 in 240.000.
 
To je pomenilo konec azteškega [[imperij]]a. Na ruševinah Tenochtitlana stoji današnji [[Ciudad de Mexico]]. Cortes je sedaj vladal obširnemu področju med [[Karibsko morje|Karibskim morjem]] in [[Tihi ocean|Tihim oceanom]]. Medtem je Velasquez prek svojih zaveznikov v Španiji črnil Cortesa pri španskem [[kralj]]u [[Karel V. Habsburški|Karlu V.]], vendar se je Cortes prek pisem opral obtožb. Zaradi velikih uspehov se je kralj odločil zanemaritispregledati Cortesovo neposlušnost in ga leta [[1523]] proglasil za [[guverner]]ja Nove Španije (tedanje ime za Mehiko). Državo je pripeljal do sorazmerne stabilnosti, njeni državljani pa so imeli dokajšnje pravice.
 
==Appointment to governorship of Mexico and internal dissensions==
[[Image:Malinche Tlaxcala.jpg|thumb|250px|A painting from [[Diego Muñoz Camargo]]'s ''[[History of Tlaxcala]]'' (Lienzo Tlaxcala), c. 1585, showing [[La Malinche]] and Hernán Cortés.]]
 
Kralj pa je obenem imenoval štiri uradnike, ki naj bi Cortésu pomagali pri vladanju – s čimer si je dejansko zagotovil nadzor nad njim. Cortés je začel z [[Mexico City]],rušil je azteška svetišča in na njih ruševinah je nastajalo mesto, k,i je sčasoma postalo najbolj pomembno evropsko mesto v Ameriki.<ref name="Grunberg" /> Državo je pripeljal do sorazmerne stabilnosti, njeni državljani pa so imeli dokajšnje pravice. Cortés je nadzoroval ustanavljanje novih mest in imenoval v ta namen uradnike, katerih naloga je bila razširiti špansko prevlado na vso Novo Španijo. V ta namen je leta 1524 uvedel sistem komend - t.i. Encomienda.<ref name="Grunberg" /> Številne encomiendas je pridržal zase in za svoje spremstvo, kot pravično nagrado za njih osvojitve. Ljudje, ki so prišli v Mehiko kasneje, pa tudi vsi, ki jim Cortés ni bil naklonjen, so bili tako izključeni, kar je vodilo do pritožb<ref>Robert Himmerich y Valencia, ''The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521-1555''. Austin: University of Texas Press 1991.</ref>
Many historical sources have conveyed an impression that Cortés was unjustly treated by the [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish Crown]], and that he received nothing but ingratitude for his role in establishing [[New Spain]]. This picture is the one Cortés presents in his letters and in the later biography written by [[Francisco López de Gómara]]. However, there may be more to the picture than this. Cortés's own sense of accomplishment, entitlement, and vanity may have played a part in his deteriorating position with the king:
 
{{quote|Cortés personally was not ungenerously rewarded, but he speedily complained of insufficient compensation to himself and his comrades. Thinking himself beyond reach of restraint, he disobeyed many of the orders of the Crown, and, what was more imprudent, said so in a letter to the emperor, dated October 15, 1524 (Ycazbalceta, "Documentos para la Historia de México", Mexico, 1858, I). In this letter Cortés, besides recalling in a rather abrupt manner that the conquest of Mexico was due to him alone, deliberately acknowledges his disobedience in terms which could not fail to create a most unfavourable impression.<ref>[[Catholic Encyclopedia]], [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04397a.htm Hernan Cortés]</ref>}}
 
[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles]] appointed Cortés as governor, captain general and chief justice of the newly conquered territory, dubbed "[[New Spain]] of the Ocean Sea". But also, much to the dismay of Cortés, four royal officials were appointed at the same time to assist him in his governing – in effect, submitting him to close observation and administration. Cortés initiated the construction of [[Mexico City]], destroying Aztec temples and buildings and then rebuilding on the Aztec ruins what soon became the most important European city in the Americas.<ref name=Grunberg/>
 
Cortés managed the founding of new cities and appointed men to extend Spanish rule to all of New Spain, imposing the ''[[encomienda]]'' system in 1524.<ref name=Grunberg/> He reserved many encomiendas for himself and for his retinue, which they considered just rewards for their accomplishment in conquering central Mexico. However, later arrivals and members of factions antipathetic to Cortés complained of the favoritism that excluded them.<ref>Robert Himmerich y Valencia, ''The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521-1555''. Austin: University of Texas Press 1991.</ref>
 
[[File:Jal-ixco.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Cristóbal de Olid]] leads Spanish soldiers with [[Tlaxcala (Nahua state)|Tlaxcala]]n allies in the conquests of Jalisco, 1522.]]
InLeta1523 1523,je the CrownKrona (possiblymogoče influencedpod byvplivom Cortés'sCortésovega enemysovražnika, [[Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca|Bishopškofa Fonseca]]Fonsece),<ref>p. 30–31 of J.H. Elliot, introductory essay to Anthony Pagden's translation of Cortés's letters "Hernan Cortés" letters from Mexico" 2001 (1971, 1986) Yale University NotaBene books</ref> sent aposlala militaryvojaško forceekspedicijo underpod thevodstvom command of [[FranciscoFrancisca de Garay]]Garaya tona conquersever and settle the northern part of MexicoMehike, thes regionciljem of [[Pánuco (province)|Pánuco]]. This was another setback for Cortés who mentioned thiszavzeti in hisposeliti fourth letter to the King in which he describes himself as the victim of a conspiracy by his archenemies [[Diego Velázquez deokraj Cuéllar]]Panuco, [[Diegoše Columbus]]en andkorak Bishopnazaj Fonsecaveč asza well as Francisco GarayCortésa. TheV influence ofpismu Garaykralju wasse effectivelysam stoppedopisuje bykot thisžrtev appealzarote tosvojih thevečnih Kingnasprotnikov. whoTa sentpritožba outje adosegla, decreeda forbiddingje Garaykralj toprepovedal interfereenemu inmed thenjimi, politicsFransciscu of New SpainGarayu, causingda himse tovtika givev uppolitiko withoutv aNovi fightŠpanijia.
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