Liberalizem: Razlika med redakcijama

'''Liberalizem''' (iz lat. ''liberalis'' 'svoboden') je politični in gospodarski nauk, po katerem sta [[svoboda]] (ekonomska, verska, politična, nazorska itd.) in [[enakopravnost]] posameznika temelj družbenega napredka. Liberalci so navzlic raznolikosti mnenj enotni v podpori temeljnih idej, kot so [[ustava]], [[liberalna demokracija]], [[svobodne in pravične volitve]], [[človekove pravice]], [[kapitalizem]], [[prosta trgovina]] in [[svoboda veroizpovedi]].<ref name="Kathleen G. Donohue">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=htuTnexZAo8C&pg=PA1&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion&hl=en&ei=D45ETYOyMcGp8Aan3b23DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion&f=false|author=Kathleen G. Donohue|title=''Freedom from Want: American Liberalism and the Idea of the Consumer'' (New Studies in American Intellectual and Cultural History)|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|quote=ThreeTri ofod themnjih -– freedomosvobojenost fromod fearstrahu, freedomsvoboda ofgovora speech,in andsvoboda freedomveroizpovedi of– religionso -od havenekdaj longtemeljne beenza fundamental to liberalismliberalizem.«|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref><ref name="The Economist">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KBzHAAAAIAAJ&q=liberalism+freedom+of+religion&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion&hl=en&ei=MzZHTeH4M8H88AbH5_j0AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBTgo|title=''The Economist, Volume'' 341, Issues /7995-7997|publisher=''[[The Economist]]''|quote=ForKajti allvse threetri shareimajo avero beliefv inliberalno thedružbo, liberalki societyomogoča asustavno defined above: a society that provides constitutional governmentvlado (rulevladavino by lawsprava, notne bypa menposameznika) andin freedomsvobodo of religionvere, thoughtmisli, expression and economic interaction; a societygovora in whichekonosmke ..izmenjave.|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Sheldon S. Wolin">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ndAdGl8ScfcC&pg=PA525&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion&hl=en&ei=MzZHTeH4M8H88AbH5_j0AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAjgo#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion&f=false|author=Sehldon S. Wolin|title=''Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought''|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|quote=WhileLiberalizem liberalismje practicallypraktično disappearedizginil askot ajavno publiclypropagirana professed ideologyideologija, itzadržal retainedpa aje vittualmonopol monopolynad in thevrednotami. [...] TheNajpogosteje mostcitirane frequentlypravice citedso rightspravica included freedom of speechgovora, presstiska, assemblyzdruževanja, religionvere, property,lastnine andin proceduraldo tights|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref><refpravičnega name="Edwin Brown Firmage, Bernard Gsojenja. Weiss, John Woodland Welch">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mQJgnEITPRIC&pg=PA366&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion&hl=en&ei=DDVHTYi7IoH78AaGrdXoAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion&f=false|author=Edwin Brown Firmage, Bernard G. Weiss, John Woodland Welch|title=Religion and Law: Biblical-Judaic and Islamic Perspectives|publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]]|quote=There is no need to expound here the foundations and principles of modern liberalism, which emphasizes the values of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref><ref name="John Joseph Lalor">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Xsk6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA760&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion&hl=en&ei=kDJHTcDuJIL98Aa_xO2jAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion&f=false|author=John Joseph Lalor|title=''Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Political History of the United States''|publisher=Nabu Press|quote=DemocracyLiberalizem attachesje itslefsvoboda to a form of government: liberalismmišljenja, tomišljenjska libertysvoboda andje guarantees of liberty. The two may agree; they are not contradictory, but they are identical, nor necessarily connected. In the moral order, liberalism is the liberty to think, recognized and practiced. This is primordial liberalism, as the liberty to think is itlsef the first and noblest of liberties. Man would not be freeprva in anynajplemenitejša degreemed or in any sphere of action, if he were not a thiking being endowed with consciousnesssvoboščinami. TheSvoboda freedom of worshipvere, the freedom of educationizobraževanje, andtiska theso freedomizpeljane of the press are derived the most directly from the freedomiz tosvobode thinkmišljenja.|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> Ideje liberalizma sprejemajo tudi politične skupine z drugačno [[Politični spekter|ideološko usmeritvijo]]. Prevladujoči obliki liberalizma sta [[klasični liberalizem]] v osemnajstem stoletju ter [[socialni liberalizem]] dvajsetega stoletja.

[[Renesansa]] je v 15. stoletju problematizirala obstoj institucij srednjega veka. Oživelo je zanimanje za znanost iz [[Antika|antičnega obdobja]].<ref>Johnson, 28: ''»Dante ni bil samo srednjeveški človek, bil je tudi človek renesanse, zelo kritičen do cerkve, tako kot mnogi učenjaki, ki so mu sledili.''«</ref>[[Protestantska reformacija]] se je v 16. stoletju razvila iz pogledov, ki so videli [[Katoliška cerkev|katoliško cerkev]] kot zatiralko, ki je podpirala [[Fevdalizem|fevdalno]] strukturo evropske družbe. Cerkev je v 17. stoletju odgovorila s [[protireformacija|protireformacijo]], kar je privedlo do [[Tridesetletna vojna|tridesetletne (verske) vojne]]. V [[Kraljevina Anglija|Angliji]] je [[Angleška državljanska vojna|državljanska vojna]] leta 1649 privedla do obglavljenja [[Karel I. Angleški|kralja Karla I.]]. Parlamentu je na koncu uspelo z revolucijo leta 1688 vzpostaviti omejeno [[Ustavna monarhija|ustavno monarhijo]]. Glavni vidiki zgodnje liberalne ideologije so nastali iz omenjenih dogodkov.