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:''Glej članek [[Ljudska republika Kitajska]] za podatke o državi na tem geografskem območju.''
:''Glej članek [[Republika Kitajska]] za podatke o ostanku stare države na otoku [[Tajvan]].''
{{Kitajska}}
'''Kitajska''' (tradicionalno: Zhōngguó (stara kitajščina: 中國, poenostavljena kitajščina: 中国)) je kulturno in geografsko območje ene najstarejših civilizacij ter naroda Kitajcev. Območje se je po zadnji kitajski državljanski vojni razdelilo na [[Ljudska republika Kitajska|Ljudsko republiko]] obsegajočo [[celinska Kitajska|celinski del]], [[Hong Kong]] in [[Macao]], ter [[Tajvan|tradicionalno Kitajsko]] obsegajočo na otok Tajvan in druge otoke (glej [[politični status Tajvana]]).
Kitajska civilizacija je najstarejša neprekinjena civilizacija, ki ima dolgo zgodovino [[Kitajska pisava|pisave]] in več pomembneih odkritij, kot so [[papir]], [[kompas]], [[smodnik]] in [[tisk]].
== Imenovanje ==
Kitajska je v mandarinščini najpogosteje imenovana '''''Zhongguo'''''. Prvi zlog ''zhōng'' ({{linktext|中}}) pomeni »osrednji«, medtem ko ''guó'' ({{linktext|国}} oz. {{linktext|國}}) pomeni »država«. Pojem so sprva prevedli krščanski misjonarji kot »Srednje kraljestvo«. V strarem veku se je ime navezovalo na »Osredje države« vzdolž doline [[Rumena reka|Rumene reke]].
[[Slovenščina]] in večina drugih zahodnih jezikov uporablja različne izpeljanke besede Kitajska (Kina, China,...) in predpone "Sino-" ter "Sin-". Te oblike vrjetno izvirajo iz [[Zgodovina Kitajske#Dinastija Č'in|dinastija Čin]], ki je prva združila celotno narodno ozemlje Kitajcev<ref>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4. izdaja, Boston in New York, Houghton-Mifflin (2000) pravi, da je beseda ''China'' (Kitajska) izpeljanka iz ''Qin + Sino''.</ref>.
==Zgodovina==
{{glavni|Zgodovina Kitajske}}
Prve neolitske kulture so se na Kitajskem pojavile že v [[3. tisočletje pr. n. št.|3. tisočletju pr. n. št.]] Vasi teh kultur so postopoma prerasle v mesta z močno razslojenim prebivalstvom in v prvi polovici drugega tisočletja pr. n. št. se je na Kitajskem razvila civilizacija. Prvo državo so vodili kralji iz [[vladarska rodbina|vladarske rodbine]] Shang. Uvedli so upravo s stalnim uradništvom in stalno vojsko za obrambo pred ljudstvi s severa.
Vladarska rodbina Zhou je leta [[771 pr. n. št.]] pregnala vladarsko rodbino Shang. Oblikovala se je fevdalna družba, saj je plemstvo za služenje v vojski in upravi od kralja v dar dobilo kos zemlje. Zemljo so obdelovali kmetje, ki so fevdalcem plačevali davek, opravljali namakalna dela in služili v vojski. Odnose v družbi so utrdili z izdajo zakonika Zhou-li.
Po tisočletni dinastijski obliki vladavine je Kitajska [[1. januar]]ja [[1912]], s koncem [[Dinastija Qing|zadnje dinastije Qing]], postala [[republika Kitajska|republika]]. Eden izmed vidnejših predstavnikov revolucionarnih idej je bil [[Sun Yat-sen]]. Med [[Druga svetovna vojna|drugo svetovno vojno]] je na Kitajskem divjala državljanska voja, po kateri je oblast leta [[1949]] prevzela [[komunistična partija Kitajske]] z [[Mao Zedong|Maom Zedungom]] na čelu.
Celinska Kitajska se je preimenovala v [[Ljudska republika Kitajska|Ljudsko republiko]], ki danes obsega [[celinska Kitajska|celinski del]], [[Hong Kong]] in [[Macao]], privrženci demokratičnega sistema pa so prebežali na Tajvan, ki obsegajočo otok Tajvan in druge otoke (glej [[politični status Tajvana]]).
==Ozemlje==
{{prevedi}}
===Historical political divisions===
{{glavni|History of the political divisions of China}}
Top-level political divisions of China have altered as administrations changed. Top levels included [[circuit (political division)|circuit]]s and [[province of China|province]]s. Below that, there have been [[prefecture of China|prefecture]]s, [[subprefecture]]s, [[Department (subnational entity)|departments]], [[commanderies]], [[district of China|district]]s, and [[county of China|counties]]. Recent divisions also include [[prefecture-level cities]], [[county-level cities]], [[town of China|town]]s and [[township of China|township]]s.
Most Chinese dynasties were based in the historical heartlands of China, known as [[China proper]]. Various dynasties also [[expansionism|expanded]] into peripheral territories like [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Manchuria]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Tibet]]. The [[Manchu]]-established [[Qing Dynasty]] and its successors, the ROC and the PRC, incorporated these territories into China. China proper is generally thought to be bounded by the [[Great Wall]] and the edge of the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. [[Manchuria]] and [[Inner Mongolia]] are found to the north of the [[Great Wall of China]], and the boundary between them can either be taken as the present border between [[Inner Mongolia]] and the [[Northeast China|northeast Chinese]] provinces, or the more historic border of the [[World War II]]-era [[puppet state]] of [[Manchukuo]]. [[Xinjiang]]'s borders correspond to today's administrative [[Xinjiang]]. Historic [[Tibet]] occupies all of the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. China is traditionally divided into the boundary being the [[Huai River]] and [[Qinling Mountains]].
===Geography and climate===
{{glavni|Geography of China}}
[[Image:ChinaGeography.png|The Geography of China|thumb|Main geographic features and regions of China.]]
[[Image:China 100.78713E 35.63718N.jpg|thumb|Composite satellite photo]]
China ranges from mostly [[plateaus]] and [[mountains]] in the west to lower lands in the east. Principal [[river]]s flow from west to east, including the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] (central), the [[Huang He]] (Yellow river, north-central), and the [[Amur]] (northeast), and sometimes toward the south (including the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]], [[Mekong River]], and [[Brahmaputra]]), with most Chinese rivers emptying into the [[Pacific Ocean]].
In the east, along the shores of the [[Yellow Sea]] and the [[East China Sea]] there are extensive and densely populated [[alluvial]] plains. On the edges of the Inner Mongolian plateau in the north, grasslands can be seen. Southern China is dominated by hills and low [[mountain range]]s. In the central-east are the [[river delta|deltas]] of China's two major rivers, the [[Huang He]] and [[Yangtze River]]. Most of China's arable lands lie along these rivers; they were the centers of China's major ancient civilizations. Other major rivers include the [[Pearl River]], [[Mekong]], [[Brahmaputra]] and [[Amur]]. Yunnan Province is considered a part of the Greater Mekong Subregion, which also includes Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam<ref>[http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/GMS_Atlas/default.asp Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment] published by [http://www.adb.org/default.asp Asian Development Bank]</ref>.
In the west, the north has a great alluvial plain, and the south has a vast [[calcareous]] [[tableland]] traversed by [[hill]] ranges of moderate elevation, and the [[Himalaya]]s, containing Earth's highest point, [[Mount Everest]]. The northwest also has high plateaus with more arid [[desert]] landscapes such as the [[Takla-Makan]] and the [[Gobi Desert]], which has been expanding. During many dynasties, the southwestern border of China has been the high [[mountain]]s and deep valleys of [[Yunnan]], which separate modern China from [[Burma]], [[Laos]] and [[Vietnam]].
The [[Paleozoic]] formations of China, excepting only the upper part of the [[Carboniferous]] system, are [[sea|marine]], while the [[Mesozoic]] and [[Tertiary]] deposits are [[estuarine]] and [[freshwater]] or else of terrestrial origin. Groups of [[Volcano|volcanic]] cones occur in the Great Plain of north China. In the [[Liaodong]] and [[Shandong]] Peninsulas, there are [[basalt]]ic plateaus.
The [[climate]] of China varies greatly. The northern zone (containing Beijing) has summer daytime temperatures of more than 30 degrees Celsius and winters of [[Arctic]] severity. The central zone (containing [[Shanghai]]) has a [[temperate]] [[continental climate]] with very hot summers and cold winters. The southern zone (containing [[Guangzhou]]) has a [[subtropical]] climate with very hot summers and mild winters.
Due to a prolonged [[drought]] and poor agricultural practices, [[dust storm]]s have become usual in the spring in China.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4915690.stm "Beijing hit by eighth sandstorm"]. BBC news. Accessed 17 April, 2006.</ref> Dust has blown to southern China and Taiwan, and has even reached the West Coast of the [[United States]]. Water, [[erosion]], and pollution control have become important issues in China's relations with other countries.
{{seealso|Environment of China}}
==Society==
===Kultura===
{{glavni|Culture of China}}
Confucianism was the official philosophy throughout most of [[Imperial China]]'s history, and mastery of Confucian texts was the primary criterion for [[Imperial examination|entry into the imperial bureaucracy]]. China's traditional values were derived from various versions of [[Confucianism]] and [[conservatism]]. A number of more [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] strains of thought have also been influential, such as [[Legalism (philosophy)|Legalism]]. There was often conflict between the philosophies, e.g. the [[Song Dynasty]] [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucians]] believed [[Legalism (philosophy)|Legalism]] departed from the original spirit of Confucianism. Examinations and a [[meritocracy|culture of merit]] remain greatly valued in China today. In recent years, a number of [[New Confucianism|New Confucians]] (not to be confused with Neo-Confucianism) have advocated that democratic ideals and human rights are quite compatible with traditional Confucian "Asian values".<ref>Bary, Theodore de. [http://web.archive.org/web/20050311041507/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccba/cear/issues/fall97/graphics/special/debary/debary.htm "Constructive Engagement with Asian Values"]. Columbia University.</ref>
[[Image:Wang-yang-ming.jpg|thumb|120px|left|[[Wang Yangming]], a highly influential [[Neo-Confucian]].]]
With the rise of Western [[Economics|economic]] and [[military]] power beginning in the mid-19th century, non-Chinese systems of social and political organization gained adherents in China. Some of these would-be reformers totally rejected China's cultural legacy, while others sought to combine the strengths of Chinese and Western cultures. In essence, the history of 20th century China is one of experimentation with new systems of social, [[political]], and economic organization that would allow for the reintegration of the nation in the wake of dynastic collapse.
{{see also|Chinese law|Chinese philosophy|Confucianism}}
====Arts, scholarship, and literature====
{{glavni|Chinese art|History of Chinese art}}
[[Image:mifu01.jpg|thumb|[[Chinese calligraphy]] by Mifu, [[Song Dynasty]], ca. 1100 CE]]
[[Image:Bamboo book - binding - UCR.jpg|thumb|Bamboo book of Sun Tzu's ''[[The Art of War]]'']]
[[Chinese character]]s have had many variants and styles throughout Chinese history. Tens of thousands of ancient written documents are still extant, from [[Oracle bones]] to Qing edicts. This literary emphasis affected the general perception of cultural refinement in China, e.g. the view that [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphy]] was a higher art form than painting or drama. Manuscripts of the Classics and religious texts (mainly [[Confucian]], [[Taoist]], and [[Buddhist]]) were handwritten by [[ink brush]]. Calligraphy later became commercialized, and works by famous artists became prized possessions.
[[Chinese literature]] has a long past; the earliest classic work in Chinese, the ''[[I Ching]]'' or "Book of Changes" dates to around [[1000 BCE]]. A flourishing of philosophy during the [[Warring States Period]] produced such noteworthy works as Confucius's ''[[Analects]]'' and [[Laozi]]'s ''[[Tao Te Ching]]''. (See also the [[Chinese classics]].) Dynastic histories were often written, beginning with [[Sima Qian]]'s seminal ''[[Records of the Historian]]''. The Tang Dynasty witnessed a [[Chinese poetry|poetic]] flowering, while the [[Four Great Classical Novels]] of Chinese literature were written during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
[[Printmaking]] in the form of [[movable type]] was developed during the [[Song Dynasty]]. Academies of scholars sponsored by the empire were formed to comment on the classics in both printed and handwritten form. Royalty frequently participated in these discussions as well. The Song Dynasty was also a period of great scientific literature, such as [[Su Song]]'s ''Xin Yixiang Fayao'' and [[Shen Kuo]]'s ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]''.
For centuries, economic and social advancement in China could be provided by high performance on the [[imperial examination]]s. This led to a [[meritocracy]], although it was available only to males who could afford test preparation. Imperial examinations required applicants to write essays and demonstrate mastery of the Confucian classics. Those who passed the highest level of the exam became elite scholar-officials known as ''jinshi,'' a highly esteemed socio-economic position.
Chinese philosophers, writers, and poets were highly respected, and played key roles in preserving and promoting the culture of the empire. Some classical scholars, however, were noted for their daring depictions of the lives of the common people, often to the displeasure of authorities.
The Chinese invented numerous [[musical instrument]]s, such as the [[Guzheng|zheng]] (zither with movable bridges), [[guqin|qin]] (bridgeless zither), [[sheng (instrument)|sheng]] (pandean pipe or free reed), [[xiao (flute)|xiao]] (flute) and adopted and developed others such the [[erhu]] (alto fiddle or bowed lute) and [[pipa]] (plucked lute), many of which have later spread throughout [[East Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]], particularly to Japan, Korea and Vietnam.
{{see also|Chinese art|Chinese painting|Chinese paper art|Chinese calligraphy|Chinese poetry|Cinema of China|Music of China}}
===Prebivalstvo===
{{glavni|Demografija Kitajske}}
Hundreds of [[ethnicity|ethnic groups]] have existed in China throughout its history. The largest ethnic group in China by far is the [[Han Chinese|Han]]. This group is diverse in itself and can be divided into smaller ethnic groups that share some traits.
Over the last three millennia, many previously distinct ethnic groups in China have been [[Sinicization|Sinicized]] into a Han identity, which over time dramatically expanded the size of the Han population. However, these assimilations were usually incomplete and vestiges of indigenous language and culture often are still retained in different regions of China. Because of this, many within the Han identity have maintained distinct linguistic and cultural traditions, though still identifying as Han. Several ethnicities have also dramatically shaped Han language and culture, e.g. the Manchurian clothing called the [[qipao]] became the new "Chinese" fashion after the 17th century, replacing earlier Han styles of clothing such as the [[Hanfu]]. The term [[Chinese nation]] (''Zhonghua Minzu'') is usually used to describe a notion of a Chinese nationality that transcends ethnic divisions.
===Jeziki===
{{glavni|Kitajščina}}
29 kitajskih narečij spada v družino [[Sino-tibetanski jeziki|Sino-tibetanskih]] jezikov. Najpogosteje govorjena narečja so [[mandarinščina]], ki ga govori 70% populacije, [[Wu]] (Šangalščina<ref>Šangalščina je skupno ime za različne dialekte jezika Wu. Zahodni jezikoslovci uporabljajo pojem "Šangalščina" kot posplošitev Wu dialktov.</ref>), [[kantonščina]], [[Yue]], [[Min (jezik)|Min]], [[Xiang]], [[Gan]] in [[Hakka]]. Ne sintske jezike govorijo različne etične skupine; [[mongolščina]], [[tibetanščina]], [[turščina]] in [[korjščina]].<ref name=language>[http://english.gov.cn/2005-08/16/content_23691.htm Jeziki]. 2005. GOV.cn. ''URL accessed 26 May 2007.''</ref>
Klasična kitajščina je bil glavna pisava do srede 20. stoletja, ko so jo [[komunizem|komunisti]] poenostavili.
===Religija===
{{prevedi}}
{{glavni|Religion in China}}
The "official" orthodox faith system held by most dynasties of China until the overthrow of the last dynasty is a [[panentheism]] system, centering on the worship of "[[Tian|Heaven]]" as an omnipotent force. This faith system pre-dated the development of [[Confucianism]] and [[Taoism]] or the introduction of [[Buddhism]] and [[Christianity]]. It has features of a [[monotheism]] in that Heaven is seen as an omnipotent entity, endowed with personality but no corporeal form. "Heaven" as a supernatural force was variously referred to as ''[[Shangdi|Shangdi]]'' (literally "Emperor Above"). Worship of Heaven includes the erection of shrines, the last and greatest being the [[Altar of Heaven]] in Beijing, and the offering of prayers. Manifestation of the powers of Heaven include weather and natural disasters. Although it gradually diminished in popular belief after the advent of Taoism and Buddhism, among others, some of its concepts remained in use throughout the pre-modern period and have been incorporated in later religions of China.
[[Image:Mahayanabuddha.jpg|thumb|A Chinese [[Tang Dynasty]] sculpture of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] seated in [[meditation]].]]
Taoism is an indigenous religion of China and is traditionally traced to the composition of [[Lao Zi]]'s ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''The Book of Tao and Its Virtues'') or to seminal works by [[Zhang Daoling]]. The philosophy of Taoism is centered on "[[Dao|the way]]"; an understanding of which can be likened to recognizing the true nature of the universe. Taoism in its unorganized form is also considered a folk religion of China. More secular derivatives of Taoist ideas include [[Feng Shui]], Sun Tzu's ''[[Art of War]]'', and [[acupuncture]].
Buddhism was introduced from [[South Asia|South]] and [[Central Asia]] during the [[Han dynasty]] and became very popular among Chinese of all walks of life, embraced particularly by commoners, and sponsored by emperors in certain dynasties. [[Mahayana]] (大乘, ''Dacheng'') is the predominant form of Buddhism practiced in China, where it was largely [[sinification|Sinicized]] and later exported to Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Some subsets of Mahayana popular in China include [[Pure Land]] ([[Amidism]]) and [[Zen]]. Buddhism is the largest organized faith in China and the country has the most Buddhist adherents in the world, followed by Japan. Many Chinese, however, identify themselves as both Taoist and Buddhist at the same time.
[[Ancestor worship]] is a major religious theme shared among all Chinese religions. Traditional Chinese culture, Taoism, Confucianism, and Chinese Buddhism all value [[filial piety]] as a top [[virtue]], and the act is a continued display of piety and respect towards departed ancestors. The Chinese generally offer prayers and food for the ancestors, light [[incense]] and candles, and burn offerings of [[Joss paper]]. These activities are typically conducted at the site of ancestral graves or tombs, at an ancestral temple, or at a household shrine.
[[Judaism]], Islam and Christianity first arrived in China after the 7th century AD during the [[Tang Dynasty]]. Islam was later spread by merchants and craftsmen as trade routes improved along the [[Silk Road]], while Christianity began to make significant inroads in China after the 16th century through [[Jesuit]] and later [[protestant]] [[missionaries]]. In the first half of the [[20th century]], many [[Jews]] arrived in [[Shanghai]] and [[Hong Kong]] during those cities' periods of economic expansion and also sought refuge from [[the Holocaust]] in [[Europe]]. Shanghai was particularly notable for its volume of Jewish refugees, as it was the only port in the world then to accept them without an entry visa.
===Sports and recreation===
[[image:Dragon boat racing.jpg|thumb|[[Dragon boat racing]], a popular traditional Chinese sport.]]
{{glavni|Sports in China}}
Many historians <!-- weasel words --> believe that [[football (soccer)]] originated in China, where a form of the sport may have appeared around 1000 CE.<ref>[http://athleticscholarships.net/history-of-soccer.htm Origins of the Great Game]. 2000. Athleticscholarships.net. Accessed 23 April 2006.</ref> Other popular sports include [[Chinese martial arts|martial arts]], [[table tennis]], [[badminton]], and more recently, [[golf]]. [[Basketball]] is now popular among young people in crowded urban centers. In Taiwan, baseball is more popular due to American and Japanese influences.
There are also many traditional sports. Chinese [[dragon boat racing]] occurs during the [[Duan Wu festival]]. In [[Inner Mongolia]], Mongolian-style wrestling and [[horse racing]] are popular. In [[Tibet]], archery and [[equestrian sports]] are part of traditional festivals.<ref>Qinfa, Ye. [http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm Sports History of China]. About.com. Retrieved April 21, 2006.</ref>
China has become a sports power, especially in Asia. It has finished first in medal counts in each of the Asian Games since 1982,<ref>http://www.dohaasiangames.org/en/asian_games_2006/history.html</ref> and in the top four in medal counts in each of the Summer Olympic Games since 1992.<ref>http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/index_uk.asp</ref> The [[2008 Summer Olympics]], officially known as the ''Games of the XXIX Olympiad'', will be held in [[Beijing]].
[[Physical fitness]] is highly regarded. It is common for the elderly to practice [[Tai Chi Chuan]] and [[qigong]] in parks.
[[Board games]] such as [[International Chess]], [[Go (board game)|Go]] (Weiqi), and [[Xiangqi]] (Chinese chess) are also common and have organized formal competitions.
===Science and technology===
[[Image:ChineseCrossbow.JPG|thumb|Remains of an ancient Chinese handheld [[crossbow]], 2nd century BCE.]]
{{glavni|History of science and technology in China|List of Chinese inventions}}
Among the scientific accomplishments of [[ancient China]] were [[paper]] (not [[papyrus]]), [[printing]], the early loadstone and magnetic [[compass]], [[gunpowder]], early [[seismology|seismological]] detectors, [[match]]es, [[dry dock#graving dry docks|dry dock]]s, sliding [[calipers]], the double-action [[piston pump]], [[cast iron]], the [[iron]] [[plough]], the multi-tube [[seed drill]], the [[wheelbarrow]], the [[suspension bridge]], the [[parachute]], [[natural gas]] as fuel, the [[escapement]] mechanism for [[clock]]s, the water-powered [[armillary sphere]], the [[chain drive]], the [[raised-relief map]], the [[propeller]], the [[crossbow]] and the [[cannon]]. Chinese [[Astronomy|astronomers]] were among the first to record observations of a [[supernova]]. [[Chinese mathematics]] evolved independently of [[Greek mathematics]] and is therefore of great interest in the [[history of mathematics]].
China's science and technology fell behind that of [[Europe]] by the 17th Century. Political, social and cultural reasons have been given for this, although recent historians focus more on economic causes, such as the [[high level equilibrium trap]]. Since the PRC's market reforms China has become better connected to the global economy and is placing greater emphasis on science and technology.
== Glej tudi ==
{{V sorodnikih|Kitajska|zbirka=China}}
* [[Zgodovina Kitajske]]
* [[Imenovanje Kitajske]]
* [[Kitajci]]
* [[Kitajska kultura]]
* [[Kitajski koledar]]
* [[Kitajska kuhinja]]
==Reference==
{{reflist}}
== Zunanje povezave ==
{{ikona en}}
*[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm Opombe o Kitajski]
*[http://www.chinaontv.com/Map.aspx?sm=96 Atlas Kitajske]
*[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/ Spletni portal z novicami]
*[http://www.nyinquirer.com/nyinquirer/2006/10/chinas_21st_cen.html Kitajska v 21. stoletju]
*[http://www.omedia.org/Show_Article.asp?DynamicContentID=2180&MenuID=719&ThreadID=1014008 Dr Rivka Shpak-Lissak: Zgodovinsko ozadje Kitajske]
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