Pomoč:IPA za angleščino

V Wikipediji je izgovorjava angleških besed posredovana s pomočjo Mednarodne fonetične abecede (IPA). (Če vaš spletno brskalnik nepravilno prikazuje IPA simbole, glejte povezave na dnu te strani.)

Ključ uredi

Opomba: IPA naglasno znamenje (ˈ) se nahaja pred zlogom, ki vsebuje naglas, v nasprotju z označevanjem naglasov v nekaterih slovarjih izdanih v ZDA.

(Besede zapisane z MAJHNIMI VELIKIMI ČRKAMI so standardni leksikalen nabor angleških besed.)

Soglasniki
IPA	Primeri
b	buy, cab
d	dye, cad, do
ð	thy, breathe, father
dʒ	giant, badge, jam
f	phi, caff, fan
ɡ (ɡ)^[1]	guy, bag
h	high, ahead
j^[2]	yes, yacht
k	sky, crack
l	lie, sly, gal
m	my, smile, cam
n	nigh, snide, can
ŋ	sang, sink, singer
θ	thigh, math
p	pie, spy, cap
r	rye, try, very^[3]
s	sigh, mass
ʃ	shy, cash, emotion
t	tie, sty, cat, atom
tʃ	China, catch
v	vie, have
w	wye, swine
hw	why^[4]
z	zoo, has
ʒ	equation, pleasure, vision, beige^[5]
Marginal consonants
x	ugh, loch, Chanukah^[6]
ʔ	uh-oh /ˈʔʌʔoʊ/

Samoglasniki
IPA	»krepki« samoglasniki	... ki jim sledi R^[7]^[8]
ɑː	PALM, father, bra	ɑr	START, bard, barn, snarl, star (tudi /ɑːr./)
ɒ	LOT, pod, John^[9]	ɒr	moral, forage
æ	TRAP, pad, shall, ban ^[10]	ær	barrow, marry^[11]
aɪ	PRICE, ride, file, fine, pie^[12]	aɪər	Ireland, sapphire (/aɪr./)^[8]
aʊ	MOUTH, loud, foul, down, how	aʊər	hour (/aʊr./)^[8]
ɛ	DRESS, bed, fell, men^[13]	ɛr	error, merry^[13]
eɪ	FACE, made, fail, vein, pay	ɛər	SQUARE, scared, scarce, cairn, Mary (/eɪr./)^[14]^[8]
ɪ	KIT, lid, fill, bin	ɪr	mirror, Sirius
iː	FLEECE, seed, feel, mean, sea	ɪər	NEAR, beard, fierce, serious (/iːr./)^[15]
ɔː	THOUGHT, Maud, dawn, fall, straw^[16]	ɔr	NORTH, born, war, Laura (/ɔːr./)
ɔɪ	CHOICE, void, foil, coin, boy	ɔɪər	loir, coir (/ɔɪr./)^[8]
oʊ	GOAT, code, foal, bone, go^[17]	ɔər	FORCE, boar, more, oral (/oʊr./)^[18]
ʊ	FOOT, good, full, woman	ʊr	courier
uː	GOOSE, food, fool, soon, chew, do	ʊər	boor, moor, tourist (/uːr./)^[19]
juː	cued, cute, mule, tune, queue, you^[20]	jʊər	cure
ʌ	STRUT, mud, dull, gun^[21]	ʌr	borough, hurry
ʌ	STRUT, mud, dull, gun^[21]	ɜr	NURSE, word, girl, fern, furry (/ɝː/)^[22]
»visoki« samoglasniki
ə	Rosa’s, a mission, comma	ər	LETTER, perceive (tudi /ɚ/)^[22]
ɨ	roses, emission^[23] (ali ɪ ali ə)	ən	button
ɵ	omission^[24] (ali oʊ ali ə)	əm	rhythm
ʉ	beautiful, curriculum ([jʉ])^[25] (ali ʊ ali ə)	əl	bottle
i	HAPPY, serious^[26] (ali ɪ ali i(ː))	ᵊ, ⁱ	(samoglasnik je pogosto izpuščen: nasturtium)

Naglas		Razzlogovanje
IPA	Zgledi	IPA	Zgledi
ˈ	intonation /ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/,^[27] battleship /ˈbætəlʃɪp/^[28]	.	hire /ˈhaɪər/, higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/ moai /ˈmoʊ.aɪ/, Windhoek /ˈvɪnt.hʊk/ Vancouveria /væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/ Mikey /ˈmaɪki/, Myki /ˈmaɪ.kiː/^[29]
ˌ		.

Glej tudi uredi

Če vaš brskalnik ne prikazuje IPA simbolov, morate verjetno instalirati font, ki vsebzuje IPA. Prosto dostopne IPA fonte vključuje Gentium in Charis SIL (popolnejši); monospaced font je Everson Mono, ki je popoln.

Opombe uredi

↑ If the two characters ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨ ⟩ do not match and if the first looks like a ⟨γ⟩, then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.
↑ The IPA value of the letter ⟨j⟩ is counter-intuitive to many English speakers. However, it does occur with this sound in a few English words, such as hallelujah and Jägermeister.
↑ Although the IPA symbol [r] represents a trill, /r/ is widely used instead of /ɹ/ in broad transcriptions of English.
↑ The phoneme /hw/ is not distinguished from /w/ in the many dialects with the wine–whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm. For more information on this sound, see voiceless labio-velar approximant.
↑ A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either /ʒ/ or /dʒ/.
↑ In most dialects, /x/ is replaced by /k/ in most words, including loch. In ugh, however, it is often replaced by /ɡ/ (a spelling pronunciation), and in Chanukah by /h/
↑ In non-rhotic accents like RP, /r/ is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles, /ɪər/ etc. may not be distinguished from /ɪr/ etc. When they are distinguished, the long vowels are sometimes transcribed /iːr/ etc. by analogy with vowels not followed by /r/. These should be fixed to correspond with the chart here.
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 ^8,3 ^8,4 Note that many speakers distinguish monosyllabic triphthongs with R and disyllabic realizations: hour /ˈaʊər/ from plougher /ˈplaʊ.ər/, hire /ˈhaɪər/ from higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/, loir /ˈlɔɪər/ from employer /ɨmˈplɔɪ.ər/, mare /ˈmɛər/ from player /ˈpleɪ.ər/.
↑ /ɒ/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/ in dialects with the father–bother merger such as GenAm.
↑ In some regions (including California), what would normally be [æŋ] is pronounced as [eŋ] or [eɪŋ], so that the "a" in "rang" is closer to the "ai" in "rain" than the "a" in "rag"
↑ Pronounced the same as /ɛr/ in accents with the Mary–marry–merry merger.
↑ Many speakers, for example in most of Canada and much of the United States, have a different vowel in price and ride. Generally, an [aɪ] is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as in ride, file, fine, pie, while an [ʌɪ] is used before voiceless sounds, as in price and write. Because /t/ and /d/ are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such as rider and writer, may be distinguished only by their vowel: [ˈɹʷaɪɾəɹ], [ˈɹʷʌɪɾəɹ]. However, even though the value of /aɪ/ is not predictable in some words, such as spider [ˈspʌɪɾəɹ],^{[navedi vir]} dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here.
↑ ^13,0 ^13,1 Transcribed as /e/ by many dictionaries.[1]
↑ Pronounced the same as /ɛr/ in accents with the Mary–marry–merry merger. Often transcribed as /eə/ by British dictionaries and as /er/ by American ones. The OED uses /ɛː/ for BrE and /ɛ(ə)r/ for AmE.[2]
↑ Same as /ɪr/ in accents with the mirror–nearer merger.
↑ /ɔː/ is not distinguished from /ɒ/ (except before /r/) in dialects with the cot–caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.
↑ Commonly transcribed /əʊ/ or /oː/.
↑ /ɔər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the horse–hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.
↑ /ʊər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the pour–poor merger, including many younger speakers.
↑ In dialects with yod dropping, /juː/ is pronounced the same as /uː/ after coronal consonants (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /θ/, and /l/) in the same syllable, so that dew /djuː/ is pronounced the same as do /duː/. In dialects with yod coalescence, /tj/, /dj/, /sj/ and /zj/ are pronounced /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose.
↑ This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the ʊ vowel: there is no foot–strut split.
↑ ^22,0 ^22,1 In some articles /ɜr/ is transcribed as /ɝː/, and /ər/ as /ɚ/, when not followed by a vowel.
↑ Pronounced [ə] in Australian and many US dialects, and [ɪ] in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ɪ̈] and a reduced [ə]. Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322) and the OED use the pseudo-IPA symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ [3], and Merriam–Webster uses ⟨ə̇⟩.
↑ Pronounced [ə] in many dialects, and [ɵw] or [əw] before another vowel, as in cooperate. Sometimes pronounced as a full /oʊ/, especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989) Usually transcribed as /ə(ʊ)/ (or similar ways of showing variation between /oʊ/ and /ə/) in British dictionaries.
↑ Pronounced [ʊ] in many dialects, [ə] in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ʊ̈] and a reduced [ə]. The OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol ⟨ʊ⟩ [4].
↑ Pronounced [i(ː)] in dialects with the happy tensing, [ɪ] in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with ⟨ɪ⟩, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to ⟨i⟩.
↑ It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress (vd. Ladefoged 1993), but it is conventional to notate them as here.
↑ Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.
↑ Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (moai) or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a digraph (Vancouveria, Windhoek).

Zunanje povezave uredi

Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols—For help on getting the screen reader JAWS to read IPA symbols
IPA TTS (text-to-speech) bookmarklet

[1] If the two characters ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨ ⟩ do not match and if the first looks like a ⟨γ⟩, then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.

[2] The IPA value of the letter ⟨j⟩ is counter-intuitive to many English speakers. However, it does occur with this sound in a few English words, such as hallelujah and Jägermeister.

[3] Although the IPA symbol [r] represents a trill, /r/ is widely used instead of /ɹ/ in broad transcriptions of English.

[4] The phoneme /hw/ is not distinguished from /w/ in the many dialects with the wine–whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm. For more information on this sound, see voiceless labio-velar approximant.

[5] A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either /ʒ/ or /dʒ/.

[6] In most dialects, /x/ is replaced by /k/ in most words, including loch. In ugh, however, it is often replaced by /ɡ/ (a spelling pronunciation), and in Chanukah by /h/

[7] In non-rhotic accents like RP, /r/ is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles, /ɪər/ etc. may not be distinguished from /ɪr/ etc. When they are distinguished, the long vowels are sometimes transcribed /iːr/ etc. by analogy with vowels not followed by /r/. These should be fixed to correspond with the chart here.

[triphthong-8] 8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 ^8,3 ^8,4 Note that many speakers distinguish monosyllabic triphthongs with R and disyllabic realizations: hour /ˈaʊər/ from plougher /ˈplaʊ.ər/, hire /ˈhaɪər/ from higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/, loir /ˈlɔɪər/ from employer /ɨmˈplɔɪ.ər/, mare /ˈmɛər/ from player /ˈpleɪ.ər/.

[9] /ɒ/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/ in dialects with the father–bother merger such as GenAm.

[10] In some regions (including California), what would normally be [æŋ] is pronounced as [eŋ] or [eɪŋ], so that the "a" in "rang" is closer to the "ai" in "rain" than the "a" in "rag"

[11] Pronounced the same as /ɛr/ in accents with the Mary–marry–merry merger.

[12] Many speakers, for example in most of Canada and much of the United States, have a different vowel in price and ride. Generally, an [aɪ] is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as in ride, file, fine, pie, while an [ʌɪ] is used before voiceless sounds, as in price and write. Because /t/ and /d/ are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such as rider and writer, may be distinguished only by their vowel: [ˈɹʷaɪɾəɹ], [ˈɹʷʌɪɾəɹ]. However, even though the value of /aɪ/ is not predictable in some words, such as spider [ˈspʌɪɾəɹ],^{[navedi vir]} dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here.

[E-13] 13,0 ^13,1 Transcribed as /e/ by many dictionaries.[1]

[14] Pronounced the same as /ɛr/ in accents with the Mary–marry–merry merger. Often transcribed as /eə/ by British dictionaries and as /er/ by American ones. The OED uses /ɛː/ for BrE and /ɛ(ə)r/ for AmE.[2]

[15] Same as /ɪr/ in accents with the mirror–nearer merger.

[16] /ɔː/ is not distinguished from /ɒ/ (except before /r/) in dialects with the cot–caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.

[17] Commonly transcribed /əʊ/ or /oː/.

[18] /ɔər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the horse–hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.

[19] /ʊər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the pour–poor merger, including many younger speakers.

[20] In dialects with yod dropping, /juː/ is pronounced the same as /uː/ after coronal consonants (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /θ/, and /l/) in the same syllable, so that dew /djuː/ is pronounced the same as do /duː/. In dialects with yod coalescence, /tj/, /dj/, /sj/ and /zj/ are pronounced /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose.

[21] This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the ʊ vowel: there is no foot–strut split.

[rhoticschwa-22] 22,0 ^22,1 In some articles /ɜr/ is transcribed as /ɝː/, and /ər/ as /ɚ/, when not followed by a vowel.

[23] Pronounced [ə] in Australian and many US dialects, and [ɪ] in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ɪ̈] and a reduced [ə]. Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322) and the OED use the pseudo-IPA symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ [3], and Merriam–Webster uses ⟨ə̇⟩.

[24] Pronounced [ə] in many dialects, and [ɵw] or [əw] before another vowel, as in cooperate. Sometimes pronounced as a full /oʊ/, especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989) Usually transcribed as /ə(ʊ)/ (or similar ways of showing variation between /oʊ/ and /ə/) in British dictionaries.

[25] Pronounced [ʊ] in many dialects, [ə] in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ʊ̈] and a reduced [ə]. The OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol ⟨ʊ⟩ [4].

[26] Pronounced [i(ː)] in dialects with the happy tensing, [ɪ] in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with ⟨ɪ⟩, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to ⟨i⟩.

[27] It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress (vd. Ladefoged 1993), but it is conventional to notate them as here.

[28] Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.

[29] Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (moai) or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a digraph (Vancouveria, Windhoek).

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